Genava55

The best depiction of a non-classical naval battle with simpler ships: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drawings_of_Sea_Peoples#/media/File:Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Nordostwand_Abzeichnung_01.jpg Some Phoenician transport/battle ships: https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6990/phoenician-assyrian-warship/

Metallic scales never have been found in a Celtic context. Currently there is no direct remain certifying the presence of organic body protection during the Celtic Iron Age. Although there are native depictions of them during the 5th and 4th century BC, and probably during the 2nd century BC. https://ibb.co/album/TcHGK0 There are also a few quotes suggesting some knowledge about organic body protection: Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 8, 73: The Gauls embroider them in a different manner from that which is practiced by the Parthians. Wool is compressed also for making a felt, which, if soaked in vinegar, is capable of resisting even iron; and, what is still more, after having gone through the last process, wool will even resist fire; the refuse, too, when taken out of the vat of the scourer, is used for making mattresses, an invention, I fancy, of the Gauls. At all events, it is by Gallic names that we distinguish the different sort of mattresses at the present day[...] Polybius, Histories, 2, 30, 1: But when the javelineers advanced, as is their usage, from the ranks of the Roman legions and began to hurl their javelins in well-aimed volleys, the Celts in the rear ranks indeed were well protected by their trousers and cloaks[…] Plutarch, Life of Marcellus, 7: Meanwhile the king of the Gauls espied him, and judging from his insignia that he was the commander, rode far out in front of the rest and confronted him, shouting challenges and brandishing his spear. His stature exceeded that of the other Gauls, and he was conspicuous for a suit of armour which was set off with gold and silver and bright colours and all sorts of broideries; it gleamed like lightning. Accordingly, as Marcellus surveyed the ranks of the enemy, this seemed to him to be the most beautiful armour, and he concluded that it was this which he had vowed to the god. He therefore rushed upon the man, and by a thrust of his spear which pierced his adversary's breastplate, and by the impact of his horse in full career, threw him, still living, upon the ground, where, with a second and third blow, he promptly killed him.

I agree and I don't mind.

Yeah we agree. I also find it weird to see bamboo spears among North-African people in a dry environment.

I know that some African tribes did use the bamboo for light spears and javelins, like the Zande. But a heavy spear for close-combat in a battlefield, I don't think it would be suitable.

It is very probably bamboo. Which grows in the Sub-Saharan region. But I doubt it is plausible for Garamantines.

What wood are spears and javelins made of?

Source about the chariots: https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/chariots-in-the-sahara/ https://www.temehu.com/chariots.htm https://europabarbarorum.fandom.com/wiki/Merkabim_Garamantim_(Garamantine_Chariots) Herodotus, book 4:

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A better version: It was drawn by Giuseppe Rava => https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100051111677742 Sadly this is one of his worst illustration. Probably due to a lack of advices and a lack of knowledge about the material. Yes the winged helmet is a weird interpretation from the early 19th century when people thought that the cheek-guards of helmets were metallic supports for decorative wings... that's why you can see it on some statues depicting Vercingetorix and Ambiorix. The bronze cuirass is also something from the Hallstatt C period (800–620 BC), totally anachronistic with the rest of the items. Giuseppe Rava made a better one recently, thanks to the advice of François Gilbert, a French reenactor:

Probably since Forgotten Empires made the Extended Edition of AoM. But it could be also Tantalus Media who worked on AoE III DE. I doubt Relic would work on it.

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I will add another point, the best defense against cavalry is also a dense formation. The success of pikemen during the Middle Ages was due to their formation and their training to fight in such order. Ancient pikemen weren't created to face cavalry but infantry. Roman legionaries were very resilient to cavalry charges while not using any spears. Parthians and Sarmatians used horse archers to weaken their lines before any charge and even with that, they struggled to break the formation.

Interesting. I also found this: bronze-age-maritime-and-warrior-dynamics-in-island-east-asia.pdf

from the book, Yayoi and early Kofun

YAYOI METALLURGY https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub105/entry-5288.html

Garamantian inscription with the shape of a hand: Garamantian tombstone: This is similar to a Carthaginian symbol, called the hamsa.

Weapons could have also been political gifts or earned from any experience as mercenaries or auxiliaries. There are some Celtic helmets found in a Germanic context but from the Przeworsk culture (related to the Lugii and the Vandals). For the Suebi, I really think it should be coherent with the description from Tacitus: It is only an issue due to a lack of guidelines to represent the gain in experience. The current approach is based on Mediterranean civs in vanilla 0AD which is inappropriate for "barbarians". Anyway, if you want a list of the helmets you could use for the Suebians: Gelduba helmet with the feathers Wooden helmets from Denmark A sort of helmet made from hide as mentioned by Tacitus Coolus-Mannheim helmets are esthetically suited (although a real evidence would have been better, it is plausible) Modified Roman helmets for veterans and ancient auxiliaries The eagle helmet from the Portonaccio Sarcophagus The Stanica Tbilisskaya / skeleton helmet.

The Roman Coolus is a bronze helmet. Some of them belong to Imperial Italic serie. https://www.res-bellica.com/en/tag-prodotto/coolus-en/ The evolution is probably from the late Montefortino Montefortino => Buggenum => Coolus type C Maybe there is a bit of influence from the Coolus-Mannheim which is Celtic (and in bronze). But I think the Buggenum is a better explanation. This is a Port helmet. This is the ancestor of the Imperial Gallic, not of the Coolus.

The black and white drawings are indeed more useful but at least it gives a better idea of the perspective

Finds from Großromstedt https://archive.org/details/eichhorn-1927-grossromstedt

The actual consensus is that the migration period helmets come from the Sassanian/Parthian helmets. This is the origin of the so-called Spangenhelm and Roman ridge helmets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spangenhelm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellar_helmet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Roman_ridge_helmet https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1058733865261502465.html But it is plausible the Germanic auxiliaries at this time got their helmets from the Sarmatians or the Dacians. Which would be an earlier version of the segmented helmets. A different branch. Those are nicknamed "skeleton helmets" although this is not a suitable name from a typological pov. Some people think it is related to the Samartian find from Stanica Tbilisskaya: And it is indeed true that later Germans used such design for their helmets. Here is Thorsberg helmet: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorsberger_Moor And here is Benty Grange helmet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benty_Grange_helmet Valsgarde 6 helmet (burial N°6): Valsgarde 5 helmet (burial N°5):

Identity Markers in South-Western Fazzan Were the People of the Wadi Tanzzuft/Tadrart Akakus Region Garamantes? gatto2019.pdf