Genava55

Military developments in the 'Late Iberian' culture (c. 237-c. 195 BC): Mediterranean influences in the 'Far West' via the Carthaginian military (in English) The article covers in fact much more than simply this period. https://www.academia.edu/1473558/Military_developments_in_the_Late_Iberian_culture_c_237_c_195_BC_Mediterranean_influences_in_the_Far_West_via_the_Carthaginian_military_in_English_?email_work_card=title

Numidian mercenary of Hasmonean Dynasty (130-63 BCE)

Me neither, maybe a mod would scrap them. Those huge swords for tiny hands remind me of warcraft design.

Isn't Arminius a cavarly commander and a Roman eques?

As a complementary info, we reached the same conclusion I think

https://phys.org/news/2021-03-ancient-genomes-decline-scythians.html Ancient genomes trace the origin and decline of the Scythians Generally thought of as fierce horse warriors, the Scythians were a multitude of Iron Age cultures who ruled the Eurasian steppe, playing a major role in Eurasian history. A new study published in Science Advances analyzes genome-wide data for 111 ancient individuals spanning the Central Asian Steppe from the first millennia BCE and CE. The results reveal new insights into the genetic events associated with the origins, development and decline of the steppe's legendary Scythians. Because of their interactions and conflicts with the major contemporaneous civilizations of Eurasia, the Scythians enjoy a legendary status in historiography and popular culture. The Scythians had major influences on the cultures of their powerful neighbors, spreading new technologies such as saddles and other improvements for horse riding. The ancient Greek, Roman, Persian and Chinese empires all left a multitude of sources describing, from their perspectives, the customs and practices of the feared horse warriors that came from the interior lands of Eurasia. Still, despite evidence from external sources, little is known about Scythian history. Without a written language or direct sources, the language or languages they spoke, where they came from and the extent to which the various cultures spread across such a huge area were in fact related to one another, remain unclear. The Iron Age transition and the formation of the genetic profile of the Scythians A new study published in Science Advances by an international team of geneticists, anthropologists and archeologists lead by scientists from the Archaeogenetics Department of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, helps illuminate the history of the Scythians with 111 ancient genomes from key Scythian and non-Scythian archaeological cultures of the Central Asian steppe. The results of this study reveal that substantial genetic turnovers were associated with the decline of the long-lasting Bronze Age sedentary groups and the rise of Scythian nomad cultures in the Iron Age. Their findings show that, following the relatively homogenous ancestry of the late Bronze Age herders, at the turn of the first millennium BCE, influxes from the east, west and south into the steppe formed new admixed gene pools. The diverse peoples of the Central Asian Steppe The study goes even further, identifying at least two main sources of origin for the nomadic Iron Age groups. An eastern source likely originated from populations in the Altai Mountains that, during the course of the Iron Age, spread west and south, admixing as they moved. These genetic results match with the timing and locations found in the archeological record and suggest an expansion of populations from the Altai area, where the earliest Scythian burials are found, connecting different renowned cultures such as the Saka, the Tasmola and the Pazyryk found in southern, central and eastern Kazakhstan respectively. Surprisingly, the groups located in the western Ural Mountains descend from a second separate, but simultaneous source. Contrary to the eastern case, this western gene pool, characteristic of the early Sauromatian-Sarmatian cultures, remained largely consistent through the westward spread of the Sarmatian cultures from the Urals into the Pontic-Caspian steppe. The decline of the Scythian cultures associated with new genetic turnovers The study also covers the transition period after the Iron Age, revealing new genetic turnovers and admixture events. These events intensified at the turn of the first millennium CE, concurrent with the decline and then disappearance of the Scythian cultures in the Central Steppe. In this case, the new far eastern Eurasian influx is plausibly associated with the spread of the nomad empires of the Eastern steppe in the first centuries CE, such as the Xiongnu and Xianbei confederations, as well as minor influxes from Iranian sources likely linked to the expansion of Persian-related civilization from the south. Although many of the open questions on the history of the Scythians cannot be solved by ancient DNA alone, this study demonstrates how much the populations of Eurasia have changed and intermixed through time. Future studies should continue to explore the dynamics of these trans-Eurasian connections by covering different periods and geographic regions, revealing the history of connections between west, central and east Eurasia in the remote past and their genetic legacy in present day Eurasian populations. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/13/eabe4414

@Lion.Kanzen @wowgetoffyourcellphone Total War Rome Remastered

Still about the engineers? For the Romans, since the end of the Republic, it seems the praefectus fabrum was a high officer, from equestrian rank. A Roman knight. Not very high in the hierarchy but not so low. This is a starting position for an equestrian. So I believe it should have a good quality panoply.

Small article (a few pages) on headhunting during Celtic Iron Age: https://www.academia.edu/21570473/PERSPECTIVES_ON_CELTIC_HEADHUNTING_DURING_THE_IRON_AGE_Literary_Archaeological_and_Contextual_Evidence_in_France_and_Britain A video in French on the same topic:

The Big Steppe Kurgans as Architectural Monuments The steppes of Eurasia, a wide belt stretching from the Central Asian plateau, the Ordos, in the east to the Danube in the west have been inhabited, throughout the whole history of mankind, by numerous tribes and nations. Burial complexes or, as they are commonly referred to, kurgans are a striking illustration and often the sole evidence of their unique and expressive culture that reached our time. The mounds grouped in bigger or smaller clusters are the most numerous archaeological monuments on the continent and in the course of the past thousands of years have turned into an integral part of the steppe landscape. Yet, in the last two hundred years a great number of these unique burial architectural monuments have been irretrievably lost https://scfh.ru/en/papers/the-big-steppe-kurgans-as-architectural-monuments/

For building siege engines, more than engineers, it needs officers to coordinate the work. Engineers in the Roman army were also officers if I recall correctly. By looking at Vitruvius wikipedia page, you can get a good grasp of the topic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius

The sword, the shield boss and the javelinheads are wrong for a 1st century AD warrior. I don't think it is based on real references.

A new video of Evropa Antiqva on the druids. English subtitles.

I found really weird the Celtic wall being called "Taux" in my 0AD, which is set in French... until I understood that the wall is actually called "Rate" in English but somehow, an automatic translation got the Celtic name for the wall as an English word... rate like in a measure, for a value or for a varying quantity. Which is "taux" en français.

It would be nice to build an entire concept around mercenaries. Currently, the few mercenaries in game are related to the civ/faction, to the military tree. For example Scythians archers for Athenians and Thracians for Macedonians. But it would be really cool to have mercenaries related to the map. Just a quick idea, the map could have settings for a mercenary environment, a kind of 'mercenary biome' giving a set of units that any players in the current game could recruit from. For example a map with Mediterranean flora could have also a Mediterranean set of mercenaries available, with Italics, Iberians, Cretans, Numidians etc. It could be wide (Mediterranean, Asia, Central Europe etc.), specific (Italian Peninsula, Anatolia, Greece etc.) or random for fun. Obviously it would be cool and would bring a lot of diverse units with different aesthetics. And people like this kind of things. But I think there are even more rational arguments for it. First of all, it can bring balance between the civs without bringing its related dark brothers, monotony and homogeneity. It can bring balance because some civs have historically a lack of units in certain areas, and it is therefore difficult to balance those civs in various situation. For example naval units, this is really a big issue for some civs. But if all civs have access to a variety of naval units through mercenaries in naval maps, then players start to consider a wider range of civs when playing in those maps. Obviously, I am not suggesting making all the civs the same in regard to their weaknesses and strengths, mercenaries should have a counterpart, a penalty (price, limited number or/and something else). Furthermore, some civs could have a few unique techs related to mercenaries (like Carthage could have for example). The goal is not to make Britons equally powered to Athenians in naval maps for example, no. It is simply to eliminate an entire blind spot. Because there is a huge difference between a civ with weak navy and a civ totally useless in this matter. Second aspect, it would give more spotlight to other cultures that are interesting and/or appreciated by everyone but not planned in the game roadmap. Especially in the case where 0AD do not add a dozen factions easily, it would be appreciated by modders and people making historical campaigns in the future. Samnites, Thracians, Germans, Cantabrians, Lusitanians, Numidians, Scythians, Rhaetians, Illyrians and a dozen more interesting people. Finally, it is a flexible concept that can be easily adapted to the game. It could be gaia entities in the map to capture to get the possibility to recruit the mercenaries (I think Delenda Est is doing this) but it could be also directly from a building every civ has (an embassy for example). Or even lazier, from the market. To not make the mercenaries the equivalent of the common roster, there are many possibilities to add negative aspects nerfing them, with the idea to find the golden mean.

The Xiongnu invaded Japan? I like the idea, it is only difficult to find reference for historical mercenaries linked to the Xiongnu, especially for a naval expedition. It could be solved if the mercenaries instead of being related to the faction would be linked to the map.

A really nice lecture I recommend

Yeah that's them, I find it confusing. Thx, for the reply.

Is the word Veranda really appropriate? http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/HellenicMacedonia/en/C1.1.1.html Are the columns on the right side clearly identified? https://www.jstor.org/stable/43636542?seq=15#metadata_info_tab_contents

Probably disagreements between archaeologists, the footprints of the remaining building can be difficult to interpret: http://en.protothema.gr/palace-of-aigai-biggest-building-of-ancient-greece-opens-to-public-photos/ https://www.aigai.gr/www.aigai.gr/en/explore/palace.html Edit: Either open and uncovered, or open but with columns and covered by a roof.

Not on the timeframe but still interesting