Genava55

Better pictures and with the description text

In English, I suggest those articles: Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru Radiocarbon dates from the site of Caral in the Supe Valley of Peru indicate that monumental corporate architecture, urban settlement, and irrigation agriculture began in the Americas by 4090 years before the present (2627 calibrated years B.C.) to 3640 years before the present (1977 calibrated years B.C.). Caral is located 23 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and contains a central zone of monumental, residential, and nonresidential architecture covering an area of 65 hectares. Caral is one of 18 large preceramic sites in the Supe Valley. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12010372_Dating_Caral_a_Preceramic_Site_in_the_Supe_Valley_on_the_Central_Coast_of_Peru The Evolution of Social Institutions in the Central Andes The chapter traces the evolution of complex socio-political institutions in the Andes from their appearance in the north coast of Peru at the end of the 4th millennium BCE to the sprawling Inca Empire of the fifteenth century CE. For each period, the author describes the kinds of social institutions that developed among the varied societies of this vast region. The evolutionary process centers on monumental architecture requiring coordinated labor. After two millennia of complex social development, state societies emerged by coopting trade networks and barter fairs. The states focused on the control of roads and strategic colonies throughout their region. An elite style of architecture and statecraft was based on earlier, nonstate political, and economic institutions. These grew slowly and lasted for at least a half a millennium. State collapse was followed by political and social realignments, the context for the rapid growth of the Inca Empire in the fifteenth century. Unlike the first states, the Inca Empire was characterized by contiguous provinces and an imperial bureaucracy that administered dozens of distinct ethnic groups and provinces. The earlier relationships between trade, production, and distribution were coopted by the Inca into a grand imperial strategy of population concentration and the creation of industrial enclaves. The rapid rise of the Inca was followed by its relatively quick political collapse at the hands of European invaders. https://docdro.id/EpB1Td1 And this thesis: Caral and the rise to civilization in the Norte Chico Peru The site of Caral, Peru has undergone much archaeological excavations under the direction of Dr. Ruth Shady over the course of the years following 1994. Caral has been radiocarbon dated to over five thousand years ago. It has been proposed by some scholars, Dr. Shady included, that the site of Caral and the surrounding sites in the Supe Valley represent a state level society. However, there is a general consensus in the literature holding that Caral does not represent a highly stratified society such as a state. In order to gain a better understanding of what Caral really represents, this thesis compares Caral to two known state level societies, the Moche and Tiwanaku states. The comparison is based on a number of key factors seen in state levels societies namely, site size and distribution, monumental architecture, craft specialization, iconography and burial stratification. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/66572

From Quansheng et al.: Recent advances on reconstruction of climate and extreme events in China for the past 2000 years

That's the dataset from Zhu Kezhen, probably made around the 1970s. He was a brillant scientist but at this time the methods in palaeoclimatology were limited. This curve mostly follows the dataset from Camp Century ice core in Greenland. So I would not say it is accurate.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ancient-mesoamerica/article/abs/lowland-maya-protoclassic/5335DC5DED61C9C3E634731A9FAF9995 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00934690.2018.1438690 http://www.caracol.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ACDC2018.pdf From a 2016 book, titled "The Origins of Maya States":

Hackers are targeting everything. There are some groups specialized in massive attacks against specific targets but most hackers are alone and independant, looking for easy targets to keep them busy, to learn new tricks and to earn a bit of fame. Sadly, security is mandatory everywhere and people thinking otherwise are naive.

Really? Honestly, do you really find it broken? Because I am quite surprised, the game still managed to be playable with such population and movements.

A nice reenactment of a 1st century BC legionary with a real bronze helmet Blog post from Res-Bellica about the Montefortino helmet: https://www.res-bellica.com/en/montefortino-type-helmets-a-chronology/

The principal ores used in the Roman iron industry were iron oxides (haematite, goethite, limonite, magnetite), carbonates (siderite) and, less commonly, weathered hydrated silicates and sulphides ores might be used [44]. The ore was broken up, then roasted to remove water and carbon dioxide and to increase permeability. The particle size produced would be somewhere between 5 and 20 mm in diameter. This preparation was often carried out near the ore source [45], although the furnaces were not necessarily in the same location. Roasted ore is found at smelting sites but the roasting sites themselves may be more difficult to identify. During the smelting process, the fragmented ore was reduced and metallic iron formed, sometimes forming as a skin on the surface of the ore particles, [46] and agglomerated in the hottest part of the furnace near the tuyères. At a temperature between 1100°C and 1300°C, molten slag was produced from the gangue, (mainly silica, lime, and alumina) which drained to the bottom of the furnace with unreduced iron oxide. It was removed either by tapping, while liquid, or as a solid block when the furnace cooled, depending on the design of the furnace. - Roman iron and steel: A review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 32(7-8), 857–866.

Hi. Welcome here. The idea of a limited pause has already been suggested in the past: I don't know if anything has been done in this regard.

We talked a bit about this there: Also debated there: And it is also related to this decision: https://code.wildfiregames.com/D2815

Thanks! So it is a significant cause of the lag but in a different way than I thought. The suggestion is interesting, it would reduce the amount of computation by workers. Nice. But we could go further, the resources could be directly sent to the player instead of being carried to another building. Like this it would further decrease the computation cost for late game.

I wonder if there would be also a benefit in performance of having mine structures with villagers garrisoned inside. What proportion of the lag is due to workers movements (or pathfinding calculation)?

https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/20/asia/japan-ainu-indigenous-peoples-bill-intl/index.html https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/03/world/asia/03ainu.html We won't question that the Ainu are natives here, this is the consensus.

Sure. It can be used without issue. In general using the original art to decorate structures or models should be a good initiative.

https://exarc.net/issue-2015-3/ea/gaulish-throwing-stick-discovery-normandy-study-and-throwing-experimentations

Yes, the Samnites are described in length in the book 9 and 10 of Livy's history of Rome

Concerning the topic of single geaves, this is attested by an account, Livy: LIVY, 9, 40: Equal danger, and an issue equally glorious, soon after attended the war with the Samnites; who, besides their many preparations for the field, made their army to glitter with new decorations of their armour. [2] Their troops were in two divisions, one of which had their shields embossed with gold, the other with silver. The shape of the shield was this; broad at the middle to cover the breast and shoulders, the summit being flat, sloping off gradually so as to become pointed below, that it might be wielded with ease; [3] a cuirass also served as a protection for the breast, and the left leg was covered with a greave; their helmets were adorned with plumes, to add to the appearance of their stature. [4] The golden-armed soldiers wore tunics of various colours; the silver-armed, of white linen. To the latter the right wing was assigned; the former took post on the left. [5] The Romans had been apprized of these splendid accoutrements, and had been taught by their commanders, that “a soldier ought to be rough; not decorated with gold and silver, but placing his confidence in his sword.

Celts wore their swords on the right side, even at the end of iron age when the swords reached very long sizes. This is attested by classical accounts and native depictions. Edit: also this is correct that the Centurions wore their swords on the left as a distinctive feature. This is corroborated by funerary stelae.

https://amezruyimazighen.wixsite.com/histoitredesberberes/blank https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/4025

I am not against the kennel, I said it in my first message in this thread. Further, people asked me my opinion about the kennel and I simply said what I think about the design. The recruitment of the dogs can be done through a dedicated building (a kennel), through the houses or through the stables. From an archaeological point of view, most buildings were what we call "roundhouses", with only a few different features although they still had dedicated functions/purposes. But obviously, we cannot have every building in the game depicted as roundhouses. So it is acceptable to drift from historical accuracy. However, it is important to make it credible and senseful/meaningful. I think the Britons can be unique by being a civ focusing on skirmishing and mobility (basically guerrilla tactics). War chariots are a relatively unique feature they got access to in the second phase. I also suggested to highlight the bodypainting/tattooing tradition of the Britons but it would require new talents. If the two-handed swordsmen got removed due to their historical inaccuracy (it was really a fantasy unit), there is still an unique feature of British Iron Age that isn't depicted in the game, some warriors seem to have carried their sword on the back. This is still a simple one-handed sword but at least it is visually distinct. Finally the war dogs are indeed an interesting feature but it seems important to balance it correctly. In my opinion, a war dog should be an unit delivering a lot of damage, moving quickly but being particularly fragile. This is the current direction in the game. I also think they would have been probably efficient against light infantry and cavalry. However the question of how they should be recruited is important because it seems to be the point debated. Personally I think the war dogs should be efficient as a defensive tool in the village phase (quick recruitment and movement) and should become more useful as an offensive tool during the town phase. One way to deal with it is to enable their recruitment from the houses directly at the first phase and enabling the research of some technologies during the town phase from the stables, to improve the war dogs and make them meaningful offensively. Such technologies could be simply converting the dogs from "hunting dogs" to "war dogs" as both were attested by historical accounts.

It could work yes.

That's a way to interpret dog breeding. However, were dogs kept and bred in cages in the past? Not really, at least not the hunting dogs. You won't have good behaving dogs by mistreating them. During medieval times, hunting dogs were treated a bit like horses. They had people to take care of them, they had a place where to live and stay warm, a field where to exercise etc. The book "Livre de Chasse" by Gaston Phoebus gives plenty of descriptions and of depictions of the hunting dogs and their condition. And ancient war dogs were probably treated similarly. A large building like the stables or the barracks could work. You add a fence around the building. You can add a few cages with wild animals inside, suggesting they were used to train them.

Indeed the kennel is badly designed. The problem is that people doesn't want to check what was a kennel in the past and prefer thinking on their own (and after they are surprised it was wrong). Preconceived ideas and an excessive amount of modern representations through cartoons and movies are making people to believe a kennel is a tiny single house for a dog. Anyone can check what was a medieval kennel and how it looked, it would be already a good start to realize that the idea of a tiny kennel is bad. So yeah, the current kennel is a lazy model with the least amount of critical thinking and realism.