Genava55

(the pictures come from facebook, so expect the url to die at some point) https://www.facebook.com/ginkgostory/posts/pfbid02howTG2dy7vxSJR3TgJ1H5QX5uMz2yFihGy5EaXepXfVUjcG6pNrR764V664AZLTl

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sileraioi https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2205272119 https://www.academia.edu/49167813/Mercenaries_and_their_Commanders_under_the_Sicilian_Tyrants_from_Gelon_to_Dionysius_II https://www.jstor.org/stable/25660726

Naval battle between a Liburna and a Picenian fleet according to the Novilara tablets: 6th or 5th century BC. J.-C.

Hjortspring boat: Nydam boat:

C. Julius Caesar, Gallic War, book 3, 13-15: For their ships were built and equipped after this manner. The keels were somewhat flatter than those of our ships, whereby they could more easily encounter the shallows and the ebbing of the tide: the prows were raised very high, and, in like manner the sterns were adapted to the force of the waves and storms [which they were formed to sustain]. The ships were built wholly of oak, and designed to endure any force and violence whatever; the benches which were made of planks a foot in breadth, were fastened by iron spikes of the thickness of a man's thumb; the anchors were secured fast by iron chains instead of cables, and for sails they used skins and thin dressed leather. These [were used] either through their want of canvas and their ignorance of its application, or for this reason, which is more probable, that they thought that such storms of the ocean, and such violent gales of wind could not be resisted by sails, nor ships of such great burden be conveniently enough managed by them. The encounter of our fleet with these ships' was of such a nature that our fleet excelled in speed alone, and the plying of the oars; other things, considering the nature of the place [and] the violence of the storms, were more suitable and better adapted on their side; for neither could our ships injure theirs with their beaks (so great was their strength), nor on account of their height was a weapon easily cast up to them; and for the same reason they were less readily locked in by rocks. To this was added, that whenever a storm began to rage and they ran before the wind, they both could weather the storm more easily and heave to securely in the shallows, and when left by the tide feared nothing from rocks and shelves: the risk of all which things was much to be dreaded by our ships. Caesar, after taking many of their towns, perceiving that so much labor was spent in vain and that the flight of the enemy could not be prevented on the capture of their towns, and that injury could not be done them, he determined to wait for his fleet. As soon as it came up and was first seen by the enemy, about 220 of their ships, fully equipped and appointed with every kind of [naval] implement, sailed forth from the harbor, and drew up opposite to ours; nor did it appear clear to Brutus, who commanded the fleet, or to the tribunes of the soldiers and the centurions, to whom the several ships were assigned, what to do, or what system of tactics to adopt; for they knew that damage could not be done by their beaks; and that, although turrets were built [on their decks], yet the height of the stems of the barbarian ships exceeded these; so that weapons could not be cast up from [our] lower position with sufficient effect, and those cast by the Gauls fell the more forcibly upon us. One thing provided by our men was of great service, [viz.] sharp hooks inserted into and fastened upon poles, of a form not unlike the hooks used in attacking town walls. When the ropes which fastened the sail-yards to the masts were caught by them and pulled, and our vessel vigorously impelled with the oars, they [the ropes] were severed; and when they were cut away, the yards necessarily fell down; so that as all the hope of the Gallic vessels depended on their sails and rigging, upon these being cut away, the entire management of the ships was taken from them at the same time. The rest of the contest depended on courage; in which our men decidedly had the advantage; and the more so, because the whole action was carried on in the sight of Caesar and the entire army; so that no act, a little more valiant than ordinary, could pass unobserved, for all the hills and higher grounds, from which there was a near prospect of the sea were occupied by our army. The sail yards [of the enemy], as we have said, being brought down, although two and [in some cases] three ships [of theirs] surrounded each one [of ours], the soldiers strove with the greatest energy to board the ships of the enemy; and, after the barbarians observed this taking place, as a great many of their ships were beaten, and as no relief for that evil could be discovered, they hastened to seek safety in flight. And, having now turned their vessels to that quarter in which the wind blew, so great a calm and lull suddenly arose, that they could not move out of their place, which circumstance, truly, was exceedingly opportune for finishing the business; for our men gave chase and took them one by one, so that very few out of all the number, [and those] by the intervention of night, arrived at the land, after the battle had lasted almost from the fourth hour till sun-set.

Which civs would have the boarding ships and which civs would have the ramming ships?

Yeah. Obviously it would be a necessity to develop a concept including smaller ships as well. Maybe every civ could have : - large canoe like hjortspring boats for boarding (capture). - large canoe but with javelin throwers instead. - Merchant ship converted to platform for archers/slingers, with higher board. A bit like the ship used by the Veneti against Caesar. The merchant ship would be resistant to the boarding ship. But weak against the javelin ship. Boarding ship would be efficient against javelin ship. Med. Civs would have upgraded version of those ships, with biremes instead of canoe for exemple etc. But following the same logic. Med. Civs could have also new kind of ships like the ramming ships and artillery ships. Ramming ships could be a concept replacing the suicidal boats. Relying on a special attack that take time to load. Since suicidal boats and greek fire ships aren't mentioned in the classical literature.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-century_Athens The golden age of Athens is the 5th century BC. So we should restrict the civ to this period and remove everything that appeared later, like the artillery.

Not really. Rome is the only case following this rule. And like you mentioned, saying the Punic Wars period is the golden age is very debatable, I would not agree on this for example. Honestly this is a bad idea and I am pretty sure most people would agree it should be changed. Furthermore the buildings are inspired from later architecture not the architecture from the Punic Wars. So it is even not coherent.

It seems dated to between 500 and 1400 AD https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology) https://aldianews.com/en/culture/heritage-and-history/hidden-jungle https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04780-4 https://arsartisticadventureofmankind.wordpress.com/tag/@#$%arani-culture/ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/@#$%arani_culture https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culture https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_culture https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavín_culture Chavin is probably the best choice.

With the addition of the Han, the Xiongnu and the Scythians are a must have.

Something interesting

Sorry for my tone but I didn't like the way you replied to my message. I simply shared the playlist from EB soundtracks and some of them are really interesting from a historical pov. Mostly the same, only a few changes between the two versions.

Learn more about EB2 then. Some of the music was made by Morgan Casey, Nick Wylie, Musica Romana, Prehistoric Music Ireland and The Persian Cataphract.

https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02SH6hp9hyRm79oEDnvMMXMm6yVt7ZcGQtL9DYchhirfvNYmcfCbVKq3dVynyN7uiBl&id=100028835929955

Ton message n'est pas plus intelligent. D'abord tu as fait une remarque péjorative inappropriée, ensuite tu le provoques avec le ton que tu emploies et les accusations que tu lui portes.

Reference for mirror art: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1924-0109-1 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1873-1011-1 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1971-0401-1 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1979-1002-1

Xenophon, "Constitution of the Lacedaimonians" 12: Seeing that the angles of a square are useless, he introduced the circular form of camp, except where there was a secure hill or wall, or a river afforded protection in the rear. [2] He caused sentries to be posted by day facing inwards along the place where the arms were kept, for the object of these is to keep an eye not on the enemy but on their friends. The enemy is watched by cavalry from positions that command the widest outlook. [3] To meet the case of a hostile approach at night, he assigned the duty of acting as sentries outside the lines to the Sciritae. In these days the duty is shared by foreigners, if any happen to be present in the camp. [4] The rule that patrols invariably carry their spears, has the same purpose, undoubtedly, as the exclusion of slaves from the place of arms. Nor is it surprising that sentries who withdraw for necessary purposes only go so far away from one another and from the arms as not to cause inconvenience. Safety is the first object of this rule also. [5] Thucydides, "History of the Peloponnesian War" 5.71: Before they had actually closed a thought occurred to Agis. All armies, when engaging, are apt to thrust outwards their right wing; and either of the opposing forces tends to outflank his enemy's left with his to outflank his enemy's left with his own right, because every soldier individually fears for his exposed side, which he tries to cover with the shield of his comrade on the right, conceiving that the closer he draws in the better he will be protected. The first man in the front rank of the right wing is originally responsible for the deflection, for he always wants to withdraw from the enemy his own exposed side, and the rest of the army, from a like fear, follow his example. In this battle the line of the Mantineans, who were on the Argive right wing, extended far beyond the Sciritae: [2] and still further, in proportion as the army to which they belonged was the larger, did the Lacedaemonians and Tegeans on the Lacedaemonian right wing extend beyond the Athenian left. [3] Agis was afraid that the Lacedaemonian left wing would be surrounded, and, thinking that the Mantineans outflanked them too far, he signalled to the Sciritae and the old soldiers of Brasidas to make a lateral movement away from his own division of the army, and so cover the line of the Mantineans: to fill up the space thus left vacant he ordered Hipponoidas and Aristocles, two of the polemarchs, to bring up their two divisions from the right wing, thinking that he would still have more troops than he wanted there, and that he would thus strengthen that part of his line which was opposed to the Mantineans. @AIEND During the battle of Mantinea (418 BC), it seems the Sciritae were fighting as a battle line. Thus, as infantrymen.

@LordGood Well done.

https://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/sociedad/2022/11/14/mano-irulegi-hallan-texto-antiguo-78547146.html Mano de Irulegi: hallan el texto más antiguo en lengua vascónica, precursora del euskera La inscripción, una pieza de bronce, data del siglo I a.C. y confirma la alfabetización de los antiguos vascones, con un sistema gráfico propio derivado de una variante del signario paleohispánico