Genava55

https://www.facebook.com/samara.parcarcheologique/ Photos:

Moreover, languages are borrowing differently the original names, sometimes adapting the word, sometimes not. Some stay the same like curriculum and curricula. Some stay basically the same like Samurai and Ninja. Although in Japanese they have the same form in plural than in singular, while in Western languages people have the tendency to made up a plural form. Others not, like hoplite (sing.) and hoplites (plu.) in French instead of hoplitēs (sing.) and hoplitai (plu.) in Greek. Or like legionary and legionaries in English, from Latin legionarius and legionarii.

The defense of the Ynys Môn (Anglesey)! Tacitus account: The druid helmet from the illustration is based on the Aylesford bucket.

This is the word "trader" in Welsh, it comes from cyfnewid, to trade. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cyfnewid C is pronounced like a K. The Y is not on the final syllable so it is pronounced A like in the English "ago".

Gaulish pronunciation is quite a complicated topic because it is hard to know where is the stress. Moreover, I am far from being a linguist. But this can help, the explanations are quite good: In the case of Miletucerdon, one of my personal approximate craft, the stress should be in the -cer- part probably. It should be read MEE-LE-TOO-KER-DON.

https://www.artstation.com/artwork/qAmrOa https://www.artstation.com/artwork/gJNNVG I love how he used this sword belt from Axel Guttman robbery collection. It really fits nicely to a Britonnic warrior! Edit: here is why I find this belt suits perfectly the Britonnic esthetic: https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/celtic-chariot-0011046 https://balkancelts.wordpress.com/2019/06/29/celtic-chariots-and-chariot-elements-from-wales/

Edit: actually I am not sure it was from the reforged edition.

Seriously? The only intelligent reason I see could be related to visibility and quick identification...

Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune,Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity https://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.ch/&httpsredir=1&article=1010&context=studentpubs Chapter 22 : Carthage and Numidia, 201–149 BC ; in A Companion to the Punic Wars https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444393712.ch22 Numidian Kings and Numidian Garrisons during the Second Punic War: Coins and History https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Potestas/article/download/301105/390561 How monetarized was Numidian society in Antiquity? https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/58811955/Maria_Cristina_Nicolau_Kormikiari.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B filename%3DHow_monetarized_was_Numidian_society_in.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200120%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200120T195522Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=e37007445be39f4b82d91100909daefa763cc2e42aee232134762320f05b99c8 La relación de Cartago con los Mauri del África Occidental (Marruecos) http://ojs.unica.it/index.php/caster/article/download/2478/2215 EL MUNDO INDÍGENA Y ROMA EN EL MARRUECOS ANTIGUO: LA RELIGIÓN DURANTE LOS PERÍODOS PRERROMANO Y ROMANO https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/16868190/http___hera.ugr.es_tesisugr_15472954.PDF?response-content-disposition=inline%3B filename%3DEl_mundo_indigena_y_Roma_en_el_Marruecos.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200120%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200120T200247Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=a34f5080c71b3083b33b760db710e63fc1129cf19d1931944218a271fd023e50

https://www.deviantart.com/dewitteillustration/art/Reconstruction-of-North-Bersted-helmet-50BC-807452367

At least after the players would have played AoE4 for years, they won't be destabilized when they will see it implemented in 0AD.

There are arguments in favor like the fact that Gallic leaders could be druid. The irish mythology is full of characters with a mixed role as priest and warrior, often labelled by the two names. But for example during the attack on Ynys Môn, the druids do not seem to defend themselves. Moreover druids were exempt of military service, so probably they weren't usually skilled warriors. Although it is probable they had the right to bear arms and ride horses.

Why not. Could be a discount in wood and metal, Gauls made a few type of pre-manufactured bars, easier to trade and to process. The other thing interesting I see is the invention of the reaper by the Gauls: There was a lot of mineral resources in Britain, it boomed during the Roman Empire but mostly because the resources weren't exploited before (Romans have bring hydraulic mining with hushing). Although, yes Britons were good with tin trading, good at working with bronze and gold. Since there was some trading and merchant connection on the Atlantic facade, maybe a bonus especially for maritime trade. Otherwise, a huge part of the Iron Age society there, was cattle and pasturing.

Should be better to have a bonus split between navy and economy: example Allied Warships −15% construction time and Allies +10% barter sell prices. Simply to avoid useless bonus on land maps. Since Caesar emphasizes the training of Gallic youths as druids in Britain, it seems a historically coherent bonus. It is simply the healers that are useless currently in the game. The Gauls weren't in technological advance, they weren't "retards" or "primitives" like 19th century historians portrayed them but they weren't in advance in regards of the others. A few elements of their metallurgy were really innovative but that doesn't make them the best ironsmiths. Actually the thing that had huge impact on nearby populations was: - Slave trading, they were really selling slaves at a competitive price. - Selling weapons, especially swords and scabbards (found in Spain, Italy, Crimea, Thracia etc., even in foreign cultures). Selling adornments, like fibula. - Strabo talks about them exporting resin, pitch, honey, wax, amber, salt, woolens and leather products. - Mercenaries. That was one of their main asset.

Actually, all the champions have the same stats. Nothing is balanced in this regard. This is something for the upcoming versions. And anyway, the Celtic two-handed swordsman will be removed because of lack of evidences. Over the thousands of swords found from this period, none are suggesting a two-handed use.

The debate between a Gallo-Brittonic origin or an Insular origin with influences from the continent is still going. Basically, there are two main models:

So the point of view of Delamarre for a Gaulish druis has your preference? It is very probable that Common Brittonic and Gaulish used the same word.

https://europabarbarorum.fandom.com/wiki/Category:Saba https://europabarbarorum.fandom.com/wiki/Category:Nabatu https://europabarbarorum.fandom.com/wiki/Reglaya_Mehrebay_(North_Arabian_Shortswordsmen) https://europabarbarorum.fandom.com/wiki/Fayah_'Alatin_(South_Arabian_Tribal_Highlanders) https://europabarbarorum.fandom.com/wiki/Erínamesh_ana-Arabim_(East_Coast_Levies)#EB2 https://europabarbarorum.fandom.com/wiki/Aba'al_(Sabean_Citizen_Militia)

Google translate: Este artículo explora los orígenes de los juegos de caballos (hippika gymnasia) del ejército imperial romano. Sostiene que las exhibiciones ecuestres descritas extensamente por Arrian en su tratado táctico fueron tomadas prestadas de los celtas galeses e ibéricos, que formaron la parte más importante de la caballería auxiliar romana al final de la República y al comienzo del Principado. Los jinetes más famosos usaron cascos de máscara durante estos juegos. Los primeros ejemplos de tales máscaras en el contexto romano se pueden encontrar en representaciones triunfales que celebran victorias sobre enemigos celtíberos o galeses. La evidencia sugiere que inicialmente estaban hechos de materiales orgánicos, como las máscaras de cráneo sobremoldeadas o enlucidas que podrían adornar monumentos públicos en la Galia prerromana. Desde finales del siglo I a. C. en adelante, comenzaron a adoptar la forma de cascos de metal y se adaptaron progresivamente al gusto grecorromano. La idea de que la hippika gymnasia se tomó prestada del desfile ecuestre romano llamado lusus Troiae y que los cascos de máscara eran parte de una antigua tradición itálica debería, por lo tanto, ser abandonada.

There is one possible suggestion for the use of the mask by cavalrymen but generally among Celtiberians / Celts, not only the Lusitanians. Although I cannot access this article, even from my university (if someone can get access, tell me): https://brill.com/view/journals/ijmh/aop/article-10.1163-24683302-20190004/article-10.1163-24683302-20190004.xml?language=en

Ok. But what is the reference? I saw everywhere this thing about Lusitanians, twcenter, here etc. but nobody explains what is the source. If it is one of these Augustean coins, then it is really problematic.