[reference] Han dynasty Chinese architecture

[Nescio]

This thread is for sharing and discussing information on architecture for the Han China civilization. While I'd like to see them included in the public mod, I think it's important they're based on reliable sources, and stark anachronisms should be avoided. (I had a quick look at the ROTE subforum, but didn't see a discussion on this specifically, hence why I'm starting a new thread.)

Before posting whatever turns up in a quick search, please verify it's actually from the Han dynasty, and not from some later period:

c. 1600–1045 BC  Shang or Yin
c. 1045–771 BC   Western Zhou
771–481/403 BC   Spring and Autumn
481/403–221 BC   Warring States
221–206 BC       Qin
202 BC–AD 9      Western or Former Han
AD 25–220        Eastern or Later Han
...
 618–907         Tang
 960–1279        Song
1271–1368        Yuan (i.e. Mongol)
1368–1644        Ming
1644–1911        Qing (i.e. Manchu)

Also, unless stated otherwise, all names are in hànyǔ pīnyīn, not in Wade-Giles or some other transcription system.

[Nescio]

The primary building material in ancient and classical China was wood; walls could be covered by clay, earth, loam, plaster, etc. These are not the most durable materials, therefore very little has survived to the present day. (A similar problem exists elsewhere in the world, e.g. Etruscans or the Roman Republic, but that discussion belongs elsewhere.) Rooftiles were used too, at least in urban areas (though I highly doubt they're all of the shiny blue glazed variety 0 A.D.'s Han China mod structures currently have). Stone appears to be mostly used for sculpture.

What has survived from the Han period are hundreds of tombs near the capital, some very well-preserved, including, amongst other things, texts (yay!), paintings, and terracotta miniature models of buildings. Some examples:

well:

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pottery:

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stove:

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kitchen:

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rice paddy:

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goat/sheep pens:

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pig sties/toilets:

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mill (and bakery?):

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granaries:

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houses:

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towers:

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fort:

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manor/palace:

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Note the bilateral symmetry (i.e. left mirrors the right).

(All images are from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ceramics_of_the_Han_Dynasty_-_Models_of_buildings )

[Nescio]

And another important thing: defensive walls.

The Great Wall of China is world famous. And although parts of it were built during 0 A.D.'s timeframe, the best preserved, most visited, and most photographed sections were built by the Ming, which is not quite representative for Han China:

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Some ruins of Han dynasty fortications are still standing at the Yumen Pass, also called the Jade Gate, the western-most point of entry of Han China, near Dunhuang in Gansu:

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In the Mediterranean, city walls were typically 2 to 6 m thick and 8 to 12 m tall (there are exceptions), with the outside stone masonry and the core filled with rubble, rocks, pebbles, broken bricks, mortar, etc. In the Near East sun-dried mud bricks or fired bricks were used.

In ancient and classical China, defensive walls were instead made from rammed earth (hāngtǔ). The upside is you don't have to obtain suitable materials from elsewhere, but the downside is that's extremely labour-intensive. (That was also one of the reasons why the under the population was subject to corvée labour under the Han, originally one in five months, later one month per year.) Due to the nature of the technique, Chinese city walls were much, much wider than those in the Mediterranean; some examples:

• Panlongcheng (Shang): 26 m thick at base
• Zhengzhou (Shang): 22 m thick at base
• Sanxingdui (Shang): 40 m thick at base
• new palace city at Linzi (Warring States): 28 to 38 m at base
• Xi'an/Chang'an (Han): 12 to 16 m thick at base
• Xi'an/Chang'an (Ming): 15 to 18 m thick at base, 12 m tall
• Beijing inner city (Ming): 20 m thick at base, 12 m thick at top, 15 m tall

Moreover, while city walls in the Mediterranean were more or less vertical, Chinese walls were tapered (i.e. wider at base and narrower at top). To better illustrate the shape, a photograph and a model of Ming city walls (note though that Ming walls were covered on the outside with bricks, which was not yet the case under the Han and earlier dynasties):

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Finally, 0 A.D.'s Han China mod walls (which clearly look nothing like the above, and thus ought to be replaced):

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[wowgetoffyourcellphone]

It would seem that the Terra Magna/ROTE Han building set is primary based on these sources already, with some artistic license of course. 

You're absolutely right about the defensive walls. 

 

Edited December 8, 2020 by wowgetoffyourcellphone

[Genava55]

Maybe the walls are inspired by "Les voyages d'Alix : La Chine" comic book.

Otherwise, great thread.

 

[Nescio]

The main point is that e.g. Ming or Qing architecture is not representative for Qin or Han.

  On 08/12/2020 at 9:10 PM, wowgetoffyourcellphone said:

It would seem that the Terra Magna/ROTE Han building set is primary based on these sources already, with some artistic license of course.

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As you can see a number of those have stone masonry, which is anachronistic (also for Mauryas). The rammed-earth technique was also used for creating platforms upon which buildings could be erected (e.g. temple, civic centre). Furthermore, the rooftiles are too shiny and too blue.

I'd also welcome a new fortress design, more similar to this:

  On 08/12/2020 at 7:41 PM, Nescio said:

fort:

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[wowgetoffyourcellphone]

  On 09/12/2020 at 9:31 AM, Nescio said:

Furthermore, the rooftiles are too shiny and too blue.

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Do you have any rooftile references? 

 

 

[Nescio]

Some other anachronisms in the current Han mod structures:

• stone: barracks, civic centre, defence tower, fortress, range, temple, gate, wall tower
• fancy flags: barracks, forge, fortress, range, gate, wall tower, wonder
• paper lanterns: civic centre, dock, fortress, government centre
• Chinese stone lions: civic centre, government centre
• bagua/eight trigrams: temple

  On 09/12/2020 at 4:46 PM, wowgetoffyourcellphone said:

Do you have any rooftile references?

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Here's one from the Western Zhou: http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/Xian/Shaanxi_History/pages/076_History_Museum.html

I've also found a Han carved stone depicting an ancestral worship hall (i.e. a temple):

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And the current Han wonder seems to be based on this: http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/Xian/Shaanxi_History/pages/138_History_Museum.html

Whoever made it for 0 A.D. did a great job!

I don't really like the Greek-style stone steps around, nor the flower beds on the corners. Perhaps it could get a low circular platform instead, like the one linked? @Stan`?

[wowgetoffyourcellphone]

  On 09/12/2020 at 6:11 PM, Nescio said:

• stone: barracks, civic centre, defence tower, fortress, range, temple, gate, wall tower
• fancy flags: barracks, forge, fortress, range, gate, wall tower, wonder
• paper lanterns: civic centre, dock, fortress, government centre
• Chinese stone lions: civic centre, government centre
• bagua/eight trigrams: temple

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So, pretty much every eyecandy item is 'wrong.'

[wowgetoffyourcellphone]

https://www.amazon.com/Mingqi-Pottery-Buildings-Dynasty-China/dp/1845197798

[Nescio]

  On 09/12/2020 at 6:14 PM, wowgetoffyourcellphone said:

So, pretty much every eyecandy item is 'wrong.'

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Baskets, pottery, tools, etc. are welcome. Wooden elements painted in player colour are fine too. But elements that are well known to emerge only in much later centuries shouldn't be included, such as this Qing-style dragon flag:

[wowgetoffyourcellphone]

@Nescio

These aren't primary sources, but they are modern interpretations of the ancient Han architecture. How do you think they look? Perhaps the colors are better.

 

 

 

[wowgetoffyourcellphone]

Tweaked the tile color

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[Stan`]

I like it

[Nescio]

  On 09/12/2020 at 9:43 PM, wowgetoffyourcellphone said:

Tweaked the tile color

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It looks better, thank you; at least it's not as shiny as the current version.

Could you make a pull request to https://github.com/0ADMods/han_china ?

[Mr.lie]

@Nesciorevision 122 han_china_mod breaks the actor "civil_centre" and "civil_centre_no_towers". The "construction_dust" always appears, missing the variant "alive".

[Nescio]

  On 11/12/2020 at 9:54 PM, Mr.lie said:

@Nesciorevision 122 han_china_mod breaks the actor "civil_centre" and "civil_centre_no_towers". The "construction_dust" always appears, missing the variant "alive".

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It's unclear to me which revision you mean. Moreover, on my end I don't get errors. Could you update (svn up) 0 A.D., update (git pull) the Han China mod, disable all other mods, and try again?

Edited December 12, 2020 by Nescio

[Nescio]

The design of the current Han farmstead appears to be based on the models of the pigsty/toilet, i.e. a place to dump waste, not to store food. A design based on the granary or perhaps the mill would probably be more appropiate.

  On 08/12/2020 at 7:41 PM, Nescio said:

towers:

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It's clear the Han had a great variety of tall, free-standing towers. This is something where China differs from the Mediterranean. To reflect that, it would by nice if the Han could have (at least) three towers:

• a two-storey tower in the village phase, costing 100 wood;
• a three-storey tower in the town phase, costing 200 wood;
• a four-storey tower in the city phase, costing 300 wood.

 

As pointed out earlier, having rammed-earth walls is a sine qua non. To give a better idea how I think they ought to look like in game, I made a crude drawing of cross-sections of 0 A.D. wall segments:

From left to right (red are proposed, blue existing walls):

• A Chinese wall with a width at base of 20, a width at top of 12, and a height of 15; because its massive size dwarfs the walls of other civs, it's probably better to reserve this for the city phase.
• A Chinese wall with a width at the base of 15.333, a width at top of 8, and a height of 10; this has a similar height to the city walls of other civs, and is therefore suitable for the town phase.
• A Chinese wall with a width at the base of 6.667, a width at the top of 4, and a height of 5; a small version for the village phase.
• The current Han China wall, which has a width of 7 and a height of 10; ought to be deprecated.
• The current Carthaginian wall, which has a width of 7 and a height of 12, is currently the largest wall in the public mod.
• The current Macedonian wall, which has a width of 5 and a height of 11.5, is probably the most typical wall size.
• The current Roman siege wall, which has a width of 4 and a height of 5.7, is the smallest full-length wall.

The widths are the <Obstruction> depths, the heights the <TurretPoints> <Y> position, i.e. the offset at which units on the walls are placed, thus without battlements, roofs, etc. (The normalized cross-section volumes are, respectively, 240, 116.7, 26.7, 70, 84, 57.5, 22.8.)

[Stan`]

I think having such big walls might be an issue for certain maps; Just like why we can't use the murus gallicus.

[Mr.lie]

  On 12/12/2020 at 2:13 PM, Nescio said:

It's unclear to me which revision you mean. Moreover, on my end I don't get errors. Could you update (svn up) 0 A.D., update (git pull) the Han China mod, disable all other mods, and try again?

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Although i was sure about the reason for these "smoking cc's"  i've disabled all mods and got a clean "han_china_mod". The result still is the same as described:

After changing "civil_centre.xml" to this:

 

and "cicil_centre_no_towers.xml" to this:

 

all things are as they should - no dust.

 

 

[Nescio]

  On 13/12/2020 at 1:04 AM, Stan` said:

I think having such big walls might be an issue for certain maps; Just like why we can't use the murus gallicus.

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While such walls would be larger than the currently existing walls, their footprints are still smaller than those of civic centres, or wonders. Moreover, walls are not built in every match; the AI never does, and on small maps an early rush can already win the game. Besides, I'm proposing giving the Han three sets of walls, making them stand out from other civs and giving players a choice; the largest walls would mean a significant investment in time.

By the way, I'd love to see a proper Gallic wall in game!

  On 13/12/2020 at 8:57 AM, Mr.lie said:

Although i was sure about the reason for these "smoking cc's"  i've disabled all mods and got a clean "han_china_mod". The result still is the same as described:

After changing "civil_centre.xml" to this:

and "cicil_centre_no_towers.xml" to this:

all things are as they should - no dust.

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Sorry, I still fail to see what's wrong. But if you understand what the problem is and how it can be fixed, could you make a pull request to https://github.com/0ADMods/han_china ?

[Stan`]

  On 13/12/2020 at 9:58 AM, Nescio said:

footprints are still smaller than those of civic centres, or wonders.

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That's a bit of a strawman argument, isn't it ?

  On 13/12/2020 at 9:58 AM, Nescio said:

Besides, I'm proposing giving the Han three sets of walls, making them stand out from other civs and giving players a choice; the largest walls would mean a significant investment in time.

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I guess people will expect being able to upgrade them into one another ? And a significant size change will have  run into the but that obstructions are not checked when upgrading. Maybe @wraitii
has a fix for that but i believe it was "by design"

Also I'm still unsure what they should look like :/ Bricks I can do cause it makes sense but mud I don't know. I am afraid it will look very bad.

 

  On 13/12/2020 at 9:58 AM, Nescio said:

 

By the way, I'd love to see a proper Gallic wall in game!

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Me too but pathfinder doesn't support using the mount in the current actor as actual terrain.

 

[Mr.lie]

  On 13/12/2020 at 9:58 AM, Nescio said:

While such walls would be larger than the currently existing walls, their footprints are still smaller than those of civic centres, or wonders. Moreover, walls are not built in every match; the AI never does, and on small maps an early rush can already win the game. Besides, I'm proposing giving the Han three sets of walls, making them stand out from other civs and giving players a choice; the largest walls would mean a significant investment in time.

By the way, I'd love to see a proper Gallic wall in game!

Sorry, I still fail to see what's wrong. But if you understand what the problem is and how it can be fixed, could you make a pull request to https://github.com/0ADMods/han_china ?

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With revision 122 stan made several changes:

 

Most likely i would make a pull-request, but if you don't see, what's wrong and if you don't get errors, there is no need for that, then only i have this problem.

Edited December 13, 2020 by Mr.lie

[Nescio]

  On 13/12/2020 at 11:03 AM, Stan` said:

That's a bit of a strawman argument, isn't it ?

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Why would wall thickness be “an issue for certain maps”, though? And if it is, why is that a problem? Maps use actors and simulation entities, but they don't dictate them. Not all maps have to use walls, just like ships aren't used on non-water maps.

  On 13/12/2020 at 11:03 AM, Stan` said:

I guess people will expect being able to upgrade them into one another ?

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Why? Romans can't upgrade palisades into siege walls, or siege walls into city walls. They're three separate sets.

  On 13/12/2020 at 11:03 AM, Stan` said:

Also I'm still unsure what they should look like :/ Bricks I can do cause it makes sense but mud I don't know. I am afraid it will look very bad.

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No, rammed earth is not the same as mud. I posted some photographs earlier, and the wikipedia page has more images.

[wowgetoffyourcellphone]

The rammed earth was certainly plastered yes?