Genava55

Some Germans with a few late celtic stuff:

This kind of short shawls are generally related to female clothing. I think the shorter clothing of this kind in use by men should be the cucullus but that's a bit different of your goal. Fur is not a bad idea, it could have been in use but depicted only with texture it lacks a bit of volume. Fur cape/toga/sagum seems to be a thing among iron age cultures but I am not sure about fur shawls. By the way, if the unit doesn't carry a sword, there is no need to put a sword belt (the iron chain in this case). Just saying. Edit: anyway I think this is only a pretext to distinguish the elite version, so why not an animal skin over a sagum like in this Vandal depiction? See this link for wolf and dog symbolism: https://ralphhaussler.weebly.com/wolf-mythology-celtic.html Edit2: other possibility

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That's really broken diplomacy XD

It should be nice to have a new one for Brennus like this one: But for the moment you can shift to this one, this is the closest thing for the period:

Sorry but this is not okay. Brennus is a 4th century figure and here the helmet and the shield boss are material found in the 1st century BC. Currently for this timeframe we have: And maybe this prototype:

Limed hair is attested by Diodorus Siculus: "The Gauls are tall of body with rippling muscles and white of skin and their hair is blond, and not only naturally so for they also make it their practice by artificial means to increase the distinguishing colour which nature has given it. For they are always washing their hair in limewater and they pull it back from the forehead to the nape of the neck, with the result that their appearance is like that of Satyrs and Pans since the treatment of their hair makes it so heavy and coarse that it differs in no respect from the mane of horses" But as you see, it doesn't mean spiked hair. It could have existed as well, but this is not the thing commonly depicted. A recently found statue: It is possible some Celts had some-kind of crazy hair cut according to a few coins (like a punk): Some kind of full braided hair This could be related in the Xanten parade helmet, which was decorated with hair: Notably there is an account of Gargenus wearing hair on its helmet from a Suebian foe, the trophy was taken by Flaminius after Gargenus defeat: Sil., Pun., V, 132–9 : “His [Flaminius] tough helmet was made of bronze and the tawny hide of a sea-calf; and above it rose a triple crest, with hair of the Suevi hanging down like a mane ; and on the top stood a Scylla, brandishing a heavy broken oar and opening wide the savage jaws of her dogs. When Flaminius conquered and slew Gargenus, king of the Boii, he had fitted to his own head this famous trophy that no hand could mutilate, and proudly he bore it in all his battles.” There are also accounts of double breaded long hair: And simple breaded hair: Finally, probably they had different kind of headband:

That's not bad, maybe the tunic is a bit too long and looks like a robe. It shouldn't go lower that the end of the pteryges.

You should stay far away from this mod because this is among the least reliable. There is not a single thing correct in this asset and in this mod in general. I tried to talk with the main leader of the project but he is quite sensitive and it is impossible to discuss the general issue with his mod. Somehow, he believes that the person advising him on the historical evidences is very reliable while clearly this is not the case, even the Roman assets are completely out of frame and poorly done. I have the feeling to see some guys in Rome dressed as centurions for the tourists with peplum's like outfits. No evidences for this kind of pads. The belt buckle is totally anachronistic, this kind of buckle were popularized by the Romans. The cheekguards of the helmet are weirdly decorated with some kind of cavemen symbols. The texture is ugly as hell by the way. A Gallic belt close to the Gallic Wars looks like this: This kind of shoulder pads is indeed attested, although this is a shape better suited for chain mail. Padded clothes could have been in use, there is a possible account of this on the arch of Orange. However there is no shoulder pads on it. I don't have any real issue with your choice. However the soft leather armor is simply useless. This is a kind of subarmalis and it protects almost nothing. EBII made a kind of linothorax for a Celtic unit that could interest you: Based on this reference

By the way I still remember this reference: Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica), XVI. The Indians wear linen garments, as Nearchus says, the linen coming from the trees of which I have already made mention. This linen is either brighter than the whiteness of other linen, or the people's own blackness makes it appear unusually bright. They have a linen tunic to the middle of the calf, and for outer garments, one thrown round about their shoulders, and one wound round their heads. They wear ivory ear-rings, that is, the rich Indians; the common people do not use them. Nearchus writes that they dye their beards various colours; some therefore have these as white-looking as possible, others dark, others crimson, others purple, others grass-green. The more dignified Indians use sunshades against the summer heat. They have slippers of white skin, and these too made neatly; and the soles of their sandals are of different colours, and also high, so that the wearers seem taller. Indian war equipment differs; the infantry have a bow, of the height of the owner; this they poise on the ground, and set their left foot against it, and shoot thus; drawing the bowstring a very long way back; for their arrows are little short of three cubits, and nothing can stand against an arrow shot by an Indian archer, neither shield nor breastplate nor any strong armour. In their left hands they carry small shields of untanned hide, narrower than their bearers, but not much shorter. Some have javelins in place of bows. All carry a broad scimitar, its length not under three cubits (approx. 138cm); and this, when they have a hand-to-hand fight -- and Indians do not readily fight so among themselves -- they bring down with both hands in smiting, so that the stroke may be an effective one. Their horsemen have two javelins, like lances, and a small shield smaller than the infantry's. The horses have no saddles, nor do they use Greek bits nor any like the Celtic bits, but round the end of the horses' mouths they have an untanned stitched rein fitted; in this they have fitted, on the inner side, bronze or iron spikes, but rather blunted; the rich people have ivory spikes; within the mouth of the horses is a bit, like a spit, to either end of which the reins are attached. Then when they tighten the reins this bit masters the horse, and the spikes, being attached thereto, @#$% the horse and compel it to obey the rein.

Me neither. Moreover there are numerous rebellion at that time so if the spelling or the translation of the name is wrong then it would be difficult to find the good one. Anyway, I think we can give to the Mauryas a bow powered ballista throwing arrows, the oxybeles. For the throwing stone catapult, either a lithobolos using a Greek design (double torsion), or a bigger bow powered ballista. A battering ram like other civs. Those three siege engines can be easily implemented with little or no disagreement. Faster and simpler way to give siege weapons to the Mauryas. Other devices like an incendiary weapon could be more contentious.

In regards to the relationship between ancient Indians and Greeks, probably an oxybeles and a lithobolos: Technical Devices in Ancient Alexandria and their Equivalents in the Indian Cultural Area http://www.academia.edu/download/60749900/Technical_Devices_in_Ancient_Alexandria_and_their_Equivalents_in_the_Indian_Cultural_Area.pdf There is already a maceman. I was thinking about an engine, maybe with a torsion. But probably that a battering ram is much easier to include.

Maybe we should skip the Sarvatobhadra (the cartwheel shape engine), this is too complicated. We still have the Jāmadagnya shooting arrows and the Āsphāṭima, a kind of catapult shooting non-specified projectiles. What devices could be suitable candidates? The pào or chinese mangonel? The oxybeles? The lithobolos? The onager? A kind of bow catapult? (not sure it really existed however) Finally about the battering ram, does a hammer device is an interesting idea? Does an incendiary siege weapon is too much?

Indeed. Now I am wondering if it is a catapult at all. Because the translator used the word catapult for the Āsphāṭima but not for the Sarvatobhadra. Maybe it is simply like a water mill to throw big stones from the walls at short distance or a wheel you spin with a long sling in rope to throw a large stone at modest distance. Not really. When an onager is assembled, you need to put stress on the axis where the arm is fixed. When it is ready to work, the arm is not resting against the frame (the front beam), it is actually pushing against it. The winch by pulling the arm to load the catapult gives an extra torsion but much of the torsion is already set before pulling the arm. This is quite obvious in the reenactment in "Battle Castle with Dan Snow" of what they called a mangonel, the arm bounces on the frame but immediately comes back pushing against it after the shot. And there is a good reason for this, elasticity is not linear, especially on ancient material. If the sinews is not properly stressed before pulling the arm, then when you will shot you will get a significant time during which the arm is not getting a supplementary acceleration. The acceleration needs to be constantly in work during the shot to have a maximum of efficiency, so for that the force must be applied continuously. The sinews must be above a threshold of torsion to have this continuous force applied during the release.

I specifically said I wasn't talking about the mangonel or the trebuchet as suitable candidates. It is simply the idea of large wheels used either for the torsion of the sinew around an arm or for the traction of a rope that could fit with the description. In the case of an onager, there are only two axis where some wheels-shaped handles could fit (I am not sure of the word in English, a crank, a handle, a winch reel?): the axis for the torsion storing the energy for the propulsion or the axis to pull the arm and to load the weapon. Personally I would have imagine the "wheels" on the axis for the torsion, controlling the force of the propulsion. How? It is a stationary/immovable device and it is said only to have a shape like a cartwheel, not necessarily wheels to move the engine. The verb "to spin" can be used in several situation other than a rolling device. The only alternative I see is that it is nothing like a catapult but actually something to push stones from the fortifications. But the translation uses the word "hurl". Clearly, there are other devices mentioned as well throwing projectiles. Any bow-based catapult like an oxybeles would be as well reasonable hypothesis. Even a catapult like this is much more simpler: The same for a Chinese like trebuchet based on men traction, it could be as well a reasonable hypothesis due to its simplicity. I was simply curious about this cart-wheel shaped engine.

That's a good example, although a bit too large (euphemism). I had in mind the trebuchet/mangonel with wheels on the side, this is a striking feature for myself and other people. I am not suggesting that siege engine specifically, which is very different than an onager. But this is only the way I imagined when the mechanism could take a lot of room in the imagination of an observer to end with "cart-wheel shape" observation. My hypothesis, trying to stay simple and reasonable, is simply that two large wheels on the sides were used to make the torsion. Since the onager has such a simple design, not very large, the wheels could be quite a striking feature in comparison. Otherwise, a cart-wheel shape catapult would necessitate much more fantasy (like Da Vinci prototypes). The author of the article seems to consider the possibility that during Philon's lifetime the principle of an one-armed catapult already existed.

One example of unknown about the onager: From: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.2972/hesperia.80.4.0677.pdf So I am not convinced a design similar to the onager in its principles wouldn't have been known far before.

Actually we don't know the Romans invented it, but the earliest account is in Ammianus Marcellinus book. The account itself makes me think it is an older weapon because of the confusion between the names and the author noting that the reference to an onager comes from "modern times", in opposition to an other name. It could be, but how it would make it look like a "cart-wheel shape"? Personally I preferred a vertical design because it is more striking visually. Well, we have no indication they borrowed their siege engines from the Greeks. This is simply the most conservative and orthodox hypothesis. But if Jaina literature is correct, then a kind of catapult existed before the Mauryas (which is possible since the Chineses had one before the Han dynasty). This one?

Personally I am in favor of a catapult for the Mauryas, I find it a reasonable hypothesis according to the hints from literature. We won't be able to reenact the original design, that's sure. But with reasonable supposition, it shouldn't be hard to have a working engine. For example, an onager is not that hard to animate and to understand in its principle. The design should only be modified but its principle could stay the same.

@fatherbushido @Nescio @LordGood @Sundiata and anyone else wanting to give his/her opinion. What about some stone-throwing catapults? Personally I think the cart-wheel shaped engine could be some kind of onager with two wheels twisted to make the torsion (like a ship's wheel to handle it). Some ideas of devices that could fit large wheels: Finally about the battering ram, I find interesting there is no mention of it. What about a hammer-like device instead? It would fit the same role.

Why not Italic mercenaries? I think we could take reference on the Lucanians to design new units. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lucanian_fresco_tomb_painting_depicting_a_duel_judge_by_a_sphinx,_340_BC,_Paestum_Archaeological_Museum_(14416492100).jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lucanian_fresco_tomb_painting_of_a_two_men_fighting,_3rd_century_BC,_Paestum_Archaeological_Museum_(14416565189).jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lucanian_fresco_tomb_painting_depicting_a_duel,_375-350_BC,_Paestum_Archaeological_Museum_(14599884491).jpg

From: A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Page 272. Available on lib gen. About Jaina literature: I think I have found the source: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra Having determined on this device and having put the god in his heart, the king, Śreṇika’s son, observed a three-day fast. Impelled by his penance and the friendship in a former birth, Śakra and Indra Camara came to him then. The Indra of the gods and the Indra of the Asuras said, “Sir, what do you wish?” He said, “If you are pleased, let Ceṭaka be killed.” Śakra said again: “Ask for something else. Ceṭaka is a co-religionist of mine, Certainly, I will not kill him. Nevertheless, king, I shall give you bodily protection, so that you will not be conquered by him.” He said, “Very well.” Indra Camara thought fit to make a battle which had big stones and a thorn,[2] and a second which had a chariot and a mace, leading to victory. In the first a pebble that had fallen would resemble a large stone. The thorn would be superior to a large weapon. In the second the chariot and the mace roam without an operator. The enemy-army, which had risen for battle, is crushed on all sides by them. Then the three, the Indra of the gods, the Indra of the Asuras, and the Indra of men, Kūṇika, fought with Ceṭaka’s army. A general, named Varuṇa, a grandson of the charioteer Nāga, an observer of the twelve vows, possessing right-belief, making a two-day fast, his mind always disgusted with worldly existence, having made a three-day fast at the end of the two-day fast, because of the attack on the king, strongly urged by King Ceṭaka himself, entered the battle, faithful to a promise, the chariot-mace being so irresistible. https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc216048.html This encyclopedia considers the same interpretation: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe133 I don't know if other Jaina texts gives the same account but with a less religious narrative.