Civ: Imperial Romans (Principates)

[Lion.Kanzen]

Imperial cult.

 

[Lion.Kanzen]

From the Republic to the late Empire.

 

[Lion.Kanzen]

28 minutes ago, Lion.Kanzen said:

From the Republic to the late Empire.

 

Donations and offerings :  would be possible to make a gold trickle generated by the temples.

Charity: Taking shelter in houses regenerates a little health and gives a gold trickle bonus to the temple (less than offerings).

Edited December 15, 2024 by Lion.Kanzen

[Lion.Kanzen]

But in the days of Caesar Augustus (27 BC-14 AD), he knew by censuses that the population of Romans in the world was declining. He had tried to curb lax morals and encourage marriages by implementing in 18 BC a law making adultery a crime and 27 years later in 9 AD he enacted Lex Papia Poppaea to promote and reward marriage because the number of Roman men who were unmarried was greater than the number of married men. He blamed the low birth rate on   on men who preferred the licentiousness of the single life to the responsibilities of married life and children. As Caesar, Augustus saw lax morals and low birthrate as threats to the Roman State. He publicly addressed this problem in the Forum.

 

https://earlychurchhistory.org/medicine/ancient-roman-abortions-christians/

 

https://historytravelswithnancy.com/women-ancient-rome/law-&-identity.htm

 

The Lex Papia Poppaea of 9 A.D. is part of the legislation of Octavian Augustus and, together with the Lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus of 18 B.C. and the Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis of 17 B.C., - of which it represented a complement - encouraged and strengthened marriage and childbearing. It also included interventions against adultery.

The law suggested conventional ages within which marriage was required-25 to 60 years for men; 20 to 50 years for women. After this age, those who had not married were declared celibate and faced penalties, which could also weigh on inheritance.

 

The law was introduced by the 9th year consuls, Marcus Papius Mutilius and Quintus Poppeius Secondo, although they themselves were celibate.

https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea

(Spanish version).

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea

The birth-rate in Rome was still a matter of concern to Augustus, but the legislation of Papius and Poppaeus in AD 9 focussed on freedpersons rather than the senatorial and equestrian orders, offering them incentives to have three or more children. 

https://ebrary.net/140779/history/papia_poppaea

More rights for women

 

As a result of the lex Papia Poppaea, there were changes to regulations on guardianship for women: prior to this law Vestals were the only women who did not need to have guardians, and now the right of children (ius liberorum) allowed both freeborn women and freedwomen the same status as Vestals (Plut. Numa 10.5; Gaius Inst. 1.144-145: docs 7.90, 15.30). Citizen women with three children were exempted from guardianship, and freedwomen with four (if in statutory guardianship), or with three if in other forms of guardianship: the ‘ius trium liberorum’ (right of three children). Women with this right were permitted to inherit more than the maximum amount allowed by the lex Voconia of 169, 100,000 sesterces (Dio 56.10.1-3: doc. 15.27), while widows and divorcées with the prerogative of the ius liberorum were also freed from the obligation to remarry. When Drusus, Livia’s younger son, died in 9, Livia had been given the consolation of being classed among ‘the mothers of three children’ (i.e., given the ius liberorum), so that she could enjoy all the privileges of this status without suffering the penalties resulting from an insufficiency of children (Dio 55.2.5-7: doc. 15.27). 

 

 Augustus was attempting to raise the birth-rate among the upper classes, presumably to ensure that senators had sons who could succeed them in their magistracies and military and administrative roles. He may also have been concerned about army recruitment at lower social levels

[Lion.Kanzen]

21 minutes ago, Lion.Kanzen said:

But in the days of Caesar Augustus (27 BC-14 AD), he knew by censuses that the population of Romans in the world was declining. He had tried to curb lax morals and encourage marriages by implementing in 18 BC a law making adultery a crime and 27 years later in 9 AD he enacted Lex Papia Poppaea to promote and reward marriage because the number of Roman men who were unmarried was greater than the number of married men. He blamed the low birth rate on   on men who preferred the licentiousness of the single life to the responsibilities of married life and children. As Caesar, Augustus saw lax morals and low birthrate as threats to the Roman State. He publicly addressed this problem in the Forum.

 

https://earlychurchhistory.org/medicine/ancient-roman-abortions-christians/

 

https://historytravelswithnancy.com/women-ancient-rome/law-&-identity.htm

 

The Lex Papia Poppaea of 9 A.D. is part of the legislation of Octavian Augustus and, together with the Lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus of 18 B.C. and the Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis of 17 B.C., - of which it represented a complement - encouraged and strengthened marriage and childbearing. It also included interventions against adultery.

The law suggested conventional ages within which marriage was required-25 to 60 years for men; 20 to 50 years for women. After this age, those who had not married were declared celibate and faced penalties, which could also weigh on inheritance.

 

The law was introduced by the 9th year consuls, Marcus Papius Mutilius and Quintus Poppeius Secondo, although they themselves were celibate.

https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea

(Spanish version).

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea

The birth-rate in Rome was still a matter of concern to Augustus, but the legislation of Papius and Poppaeus in AD 9 focussed on freedpersons rather than the senatorial and equestrian orders, offering them incentives to have three or more children. 

https://ebrary.net/140779/history/papia_poppaea

More rights for women

 

As a result of the lex Papia Poppaea, there were changes to regulations on guardianship for women: prior to this law Vestals were the only women who did not need to have guardians, and now the right of children (ius liberorum) allowed both freeborn women and freedwomen the same status as Vestals (Plut. Numa 10.5; Gaius Inst. 1.144-145: docs 7.90, 15.30). Citizen women with three children were exempted from guardianship, and freedwomen with four (if in statutory guardianship), or with three if in other forms of guardianship: the ‘ius trium liberorum’ (right of three children). Women with this right were permitted to inherit more than the maximum amount allowed by the lex Voconia of 169, 100,000 sesterces (Dio 56.10.1-3: doc. 15.27), while widows and divorcées with the prerogative of the ius liberorum were also freed from the obligation to remarry. When Drusus, Livia’s younger son, died in 9, Livia had been given the consolation of being classed among ‘the mothers of three children’ (i.e., given the ius liberorum), so that she could enjoy all the privileges of this status without suffering the penalties resulting from an insufficiency of children (Dio 55.2.5-7: doc. 15.27). 

 

 Augustus was attempting to raise the birth-rate among the upper classes, presumably to ensure that senators had sons who could succeed them in their magistracies and military and administrative roles. He may also have been concerned about army recruitment at lower social levels

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2423/childbirth-in-ancient-rome/

 

[Lion.Kanzen]