Lion.Kanzen

back to the topic of Fortress. The Ivolga Fortress. The Ivolga fortress (Russian archaeological name for sites of this type is “gorodishche”, fortified settlement) became known to science in the twenties of our century, after G.P. Sosnovsky had discovered there three dwellings in 1928 and published the results of his excavations. In 1949 and 1950 a group specially organised for the investigation of the gorodishche. What's a gorodishche? Gorodishche Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the town of district significance of Gorodishche in Gorodishchensky District of Penza. I'm good at guessing. It even has the circular shape. It is not always like this but it is a town city.

Huns / Huna / Xiong. The Kushan monk, Zhu Fahu from Dun Huang, translated "Tahagataguhya-sutra" from Sanskrit to Chinese in 280 AC. In this document, he translated the Sanskrit word "Huna" to "Xiongnu". He did it again in 308 AC by the translation of "Lalivavistara". In a not very distant past, these "Huna" had driven away the Yuezhi people from their original land with their ancestors' graves. Zhu Fahu was a Kushan and he descended directly from Yuezhi. He may not have been in doubt, as to who was these "Xiong Nu", and what was their real name. Indian sources also described the Xiongnu as "Huna". However, perhaps "Hun" never the less is a general term. Namely, if we think that "Hun" is a word of Indo-European origin connected with the English words hungry and hunger. Then "Hun" will only mean a people, who robs and steals because they are hungry. But it may be that the Xiongnu people became known in Europe under their real names, as they called themselves, which is "Hun https://dandebat.dk/eng-dan13.htm But it may be that the Xiongnu people became known in Europe under their real names, as they called themselves, which is "Hun". "Wei-Shu" is the story of the Wei Dynasty. It was written about the years 437 AC - 457 AC. It says: "Earlier, Xiongnu killed the king (of Sogdiana) and took the land. "King Huni" is the third ruler in the line." We remember Saxo's tale of King Frode and the war between the Danes and the Huns. Here he wrote: "Two years had "King Hun" devoted to preparations for his campaign against the countries around the Baltic Sea." When one read this, it is hard not to feel, that it is too simple just to call the king of the Huns for "King Hun." It must be something, the old storytellers have added themselves, we are tempted to think. But, as one can see, Saxo Grammaticus was very well informed. Some of the Hun kings were actually named "Huni" or perhaps "Hun". Therefore, it is possible that the Huns simply got their name from their king. In the ancient book "Han Shu" the scholar Yan Shigu has added a comment about Wusun's appearance: "Wusun in the western areas is the same as the "Rong" people (old name for different tribes and peoples around China). Nowadays, these "Hu" people have green eyes, red beard, their appearance is like bearded monkeys, and they are originally of this kind." Zhang Qian traveled to the west on behalf of the Han Emperor in order to meet the Yuzhi and create an alliance against Xiongnu. He also met the Wusun and reported that: "The people have "pig heads", they are cunning as wolves and highly unreliable. They are very prone to pillaging, and they are as a nation typically violent." Chinese archaeologists have informed, that Wusun was a Caucasian type of people with a short skull. Folowing the nature of the case they cannot say anything about the colour of their eyes and hair. Accurate, as always, Zhang Qian reported, that there were 120,000 Wusun families, and their army numbered 188,000 mounted men. The country was cold and rainy, but with extensive pastures. The mountains were covered with pine forest. Wusun raised horses. Rich men could own up to five thousand horses. Wusun recognized Xiongnu's supremacy, but they had their own king, who bore the title Kiun-mo. He named himself as Son of Heaven. The Chinese sought to create an alliance with Wusun directed against Xiongnu, the Huns. To this end, the Chinese court in 107 BC sent a princess the long way from the imperial capital Xi'an to Wusun's cold rainy country. The princess wrote a poem: "My family has married me away Helpless I am, can do nothing In a distant exotic kingdom Married to the King of Wusun My home is simple The walls covered with felt and not with silk My daily food is pork Milk I drink to the food I am burdened by dark thoughts My heart is heavy with sorrow If only I were a yellow stork So I would fly back to my nest." The new queen was entitled kiun-di. For her pleasure, a Chinese palace was built in the camp of the Wusun king. The royal residence was of the Chinese called "The Palace in the Red Valley." It was located in some distance from the salt lake. The great traveler Zhang Qian was held as a prisoner by Xiongnu for 10 years. There he heard the following story about Wusun: "When your servant was a prisoner of Xiongnu, he heard, that the king of Wusun, who bore the title" Kun-mo", and that kun-mo's father was the head of a small state at Xiongnu's western border. Xiongnu-attacked and killed his father and Kun-mo was at his birth thrown away in the wilderness, where a black bird (a raven?) brought him meat, and a she-wolf nourished him with milk. Shan-yu was the title of the king of Xiongnu. He considered this to be a wonder, and after he had brought up the boy, he made him a military leader, in which capacity he distinguished himself on several occasions. Shan-yu re-established his father's people and made him a governor of the western fortified camp. As he received tax from his people, the Kun-mo could attack the small neighbouring states with tens of thousands of archers, he collected experience in warfare, and after the old Shan-yu's death, he withdrew to a distant place and refused to show up at the Xiongnu court. Xiongnu ordered picked troops to attack him, but because they were unable to overcome him, they considered him as a spirit, to whom they did wisely to keep a certain distance and not attack him seriously. Xiongnu's Shan-yu continued to claim nominal supremacy over Kun-mo and his Wusun people." Thus was the great traveler, Zhang Qian's report to his emperor. No one knows what since happened to the Wusun people. In 630 AC the Khan of the Western Turks could receive the Buddhist monk, Xuanzang, on the banks of the salty lake with the Turkish name "Issyl Kul". On the plains near the Salty Lake are the stone men. They can be found in many places in Central Asia. Some of them are undoubtedly sat by the Western Turks. Some of them are probably also made by those who lived there before Wusun came. It was customary for some Indo-European peoples to erect stones over brave men and create gods and ancestors in stone - a practice which the ancient Greeks had perfected. The Chinese historian Sima Qian described the Xiongnu in Chapter 110 of his "Historical Records", "Shi Ji": "From the King and downward they all ate the meat of their livestock, and clothed themselves with their skins, which were their only dress. The strong ones ate the fat and choose the best pieces, while the old and weak ate and drank, what was left. The strong and robust were held in esteem, while the old and weak were treated with contempt." They look like a mix between Scythians and Turkish people. https://dandebat.dk/eng-dan13.htm

When the Xiongnu appeared in Mongolia and Transbaikalia (dates of Xiongnu archeological sites, second century bc to the first century ad), they already represented a multi-ethnic tribal association with a complex history. They subdued, conquered, and consolidated many tribes known to ancient Chinese chroniclers, e.g., Ivolga fortress Xiongnu Trans-baikal. https://kronk.spb.ru/library/davydova-minyaev-2008-ris.htm https://kronk.spb.ru/library/davydova-minyaev-2008-cat.htm Han Dynasty China was not the only nation, which suffered from the attacks of the Xiongnu. Many people in Asia were exposed to Xiongnu's aggressiveness, especially the city-states in the Tarim Basin. Xiongnu drove the Yuezhi people from their original homeland in northern Gansu. There can be no doubt, that the greatest threat to the peoples of Midgaard was the Xiongnu. They may be a possible bid for the Jotuns or at least some of them. Russian archaeologists have excavated many Xiongnu settlements in the Ulan-Ude region near Lake Baikal. Here have been Xiongnu settlements until well into the Middle Ages. The Xiongnu fortress by Ivolga is located 16 km. from Ulan Ude by the Selanga River. It is square with dimensions of 350 x 200 m., and it has a moat all around. Within the ramparts, many houses were half dug down in the surface, of which 54 have been excavated. Each house had a stone fireplace in its northeastern corner. At Ivolga they buried their dead on flat terrain, they were not placed in burial mounds. Many graves were in groups. There was a central grave, with a probably high-ranking person in the middle; which was surrounded by smaller accompanying graves, which in general contained the bodies of women, children and young people. accompanying graves showed signs of a violent death. It looks like that the Ivolga Xiongnu had the practice, that when a high ranking person died, all his wives, mistresses, slaves and apparently also some children had to follow him to the other world. "Xiongnu" means literally according to the Chinese character something like "Slaves of the Peoples". However, there is no doubt, that this is not their real name, as they called themselves. It is a somewhat condescending name, which the Han Dynasty Chinese gave them, just in the same way as they gave names to many other peoples around their borders. Or the characters were used as a kind of letters, so that the sounds they represented sounded like their name. In "The Silk Road", edited by Susan Whitfield, Etienne de la Vaissiere explains the Xiongnu's real name. There have been found a Sogdian letter from the fourth century, which refers to the Xiongnu's looting in connection with the Jin Dynasty's collapse also in the fourth century. The letter mentions the Xiongnu with the term "Xwn", which is the Sogdian spelling of the word "Hun". The author of the letter proves otherwise a first-hand knowledge of events. Therefore, he must be considered as a very reliable source. https://dandebat.dk/eng-dan13.htm

No, not anymore, they would already be settled. Visual example?

Like pyramids and Temples...both Mini and giant.

that's what the post says, At some point the nomads settle. But his way of managing is looting and demanding tribute. At least the ones from Eurasia. The Huns and Sarmatians are the only ones who didn't leave much evidence behind. Others like Xianbei, Xiongnu and Kushans, Scythians. They got to do it. In fact Xianbei ended up creating a northern kingdom with people of the Han ethnic group.

Inkcskape Is free. Here is equivalent how a did. Other of my symbols is just my handrawring.

Mesoamerican average fashion or standard @wowgetoffyourcellphone I once wondered how they moved things without the wheel and pack animals. So did those on Rapa Nui Island too.

I found some references for artistic reasons in wargaming figures. https://www.firstlegionltd.com/lateromanempire.aspx Centurion. The army. I quite liked this one.

Dahae archers ironically i found units in our forum. Delenda Est

For Alexander campaign sciguy42 suggests: Sogdiana would be awesome, there are a few scenarios where Alexander is fighting them and currently I am just using Persians as a substitute. The Dahae would be good too, their horsemen rode alongside Alexander, currently I am using the Persian Horse archers to represent them. Capadocians appear in mission 11, any units unique to them would be great.

It was a joke. I say it because of the colors of things.

@wowgetoffyourcellphone I'm going to send you the file privately in various formats. If @Stan` agrees can be committed to art repo.

this the first collection

this mod isn't inmersive.

Some Mayan names for actual rivers. Credits by othyrsyde from alternative history. Lake Choi = Lake Atitlan Lake Mungia = Lake Isabal Silbapec River = Motogua Icbolay River = Usumancita Cancuen River = Pasion Ulia River = Ulua Balaliama River = Chamelecon Olopa River = Lempia (it's still called the Olopa in Guatemala though) He collected by several sources and books. Is from a forum of alternate history. """Yep, I dug through a lot of books, particularly one where it explored a priests missionary efforts in the Peten region. It matched up some of the names he listed for bodies of water and such to their modern names. Others were found on archaeological and geographic papers, and even the odd tourism site (especially in Guatemala where they list 'local names' the Maya insist on calling them."" https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/gone.322778/page-2

on the map it looks like the Nile river but in a different size and with tropical vegetation. The fertile alluvium of the Ulúa valley in northwestern Honduras covers ca. 2,400 kilometers and includes a vast range of environmental conditions and a rich and varied flora and fauna including deer, tapir, monkeys, quetzals, and felines. Shell and other marine resources are available in the north where the Ulúa River meets the Caribbean. A local obsidian source can be found on the southwestern flank of the valley and jade from the Motagua valley is located west just over the Honduran-Guatemalan border. The region was particularly known for cacao, among the richest in Mesoamerica according to conquest documents. The Chamelecón, Ulúa, and Comayagua rivers that flow into the valley provide natural routes of communication to Yucatán and the central and southern Maya Lowlands as well as to central, southern, and eastern Honduras and onto lower Central America. This lush valley and its unique geographic position–typically described as the "Maya Frontier"–places the valley in a key location with interaction between the cultures of lower Central America and those of the Maya lowlands. The goal of this project is to understand how one specific object, Ulúa marble vases, functioned in this diverse region during the Late Classic period.

Ulúa River Chamelecon River From 1530, the colonists became the arbiters of power, installing and deposing governors. Spanish government in Honduras was riven by factionalism. As a response to the growing anarchy, the colonists requested that Pedro de Alvarado intervene. Alvarado arrived in 1536, put an end to the political infighting, and gained an important victory over Sicumba, a Maya leader in the Ulúa Valley. Alvarado founded two towns that later became important, San Pedro de Puerto Caballos (later to become San Pedro Sula) and Gracias a Dios. Oviedo reports Guerrero as dead by 1532, when Montejo's lieutenants Avila and Lujón arrived again in Chectumal. Andrés de Cereceda, in a letter to the Spanish King dated August 14, 1536, writes of a battle that occurred in late June 1536 between Pedro de Alvarado and a local Honduran cacique named Çiçumba(Sicumba). The naked and tattooed body of a Spaniard was found dead within Çiçumba's town of Ticamaya after the battle. According to Cereceda, this Spaniard had come over with 50 war-canoes from Chetumal early in 1536, to help Çiçumba fight the Spanish who were attempting to colonize his lands. The Spaniard was killed in the battle by an arquebus shot. Although Cereceda says the Spaniard was named Gonzalo Aroca, R. Chamberlain and other historians writing about the event identify the man as Gonzalo Guerrero. Guerrero was likely 66 years old when he died. In July of 1531, Captain Dávila left with a force towards the place that today is Chetumal, where they supposed that Guerrero lived and there were gold mines; however he found a place in abandonment and although later he takes some Mayan prisoners, they deceive him saying that Gonzalo Guerrero had died of natural form, reason why Dávila sends reports to Montejo in Campeche on the supposed death. In reality, he died in 1536 when he was facing the troops of Captain Lorenzo de Godoy to help, with fifty canoes, Cicumba, Tolupan cacique of the town of Ticamaya (Honduras), in the lower valley of the Ulúa River.[19] A crossbow arrow stuck right in his navel and pierced him to his side, where he was mortally wounded by an arquebus shot. His men carried him off the battlefield and hid him behind some palm trees. He asked his closest friends to take care of his children and the rest of his men, more than a thousand, to continue fighting. They had to retreat and Guerrero's corpse was left in the enemy camp. It is said that some Spaniards later claimed to have seen him: tattooed and dressed like an Indian (Native), but bearded. During the night, some of his men rescued his body and as a last tribute, they threw him into the Ulúa River, so that the current would take him to the ocean from where he came.

we could have a Gaia that is human. gaia 2?

@Freagarach

the same as a slinger. pierce damage. I like disassembled things.