Genava55

Luwian hieroglyphic inscription explains the end of the Bronze Age https://phys.org/news/2017-10-luwian-hieroglyphic-inscription-bronze-age.html Lost civilization of 'sea people' may have sparked world war over 3,000 years ago https://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/lost-civilization-sea-people-may-have-sparked-world-war-over-3000-years-ago Another long-forgotten Anatolian civilization rising from shadows https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2015/05/21/another-long-forgotten-anatolian-civilization-rising-from-shadows Who are the Luwians? https://luwianstudies.org/who-are-the-luwians/

Ok. Sent you a message.

It is not mandatory. If you want to put me in the credits, a very small thing is enough. You are doing, you and others artists, the most important job. I'm actually just giving you work to do By the way, do you have any remark about the document? Is it practical for you? I want to be the most helpful I can.

The problem with the ancient marine is the lack of informations. Actually there is only a few boats found that could be celtic-like: The Dover Bronze Age Boat (long for 8-15 men). The Ferriby Boats (from 6 to 20 men). The Hanson Log Boat (long for 1 or 2 men). The Flag fen Early Iron Age Logboat (long for 1 or 2 men). The Canewdon Paddle (long for 2-4 men). The Hjortspring boat (long for 12-20 men). The Arles Rhône 3 Gallo-Roman 1st century AD (31 meters of long). Edit: @GunChleoc I checked a bit the context of the word longo- and it seems better suited for longilineal/willowy ship carrying a few men. Firstly, the word is also used in stream context, for example "Longroi" and "Longroy" in France, where the place names are made from Longo- and Rito- (ford) and situated on two small rivers, Voise and Bresle. The Voise is far from the sea and the Bresle goes in the sea. Another example with "Longuenoë" made from Longo- and Nauda (wetland), far from the sea. I see in the word longos a generic term for polyvalent willowy ship like the previous foundings above. Thus in my opinion, longos can be used both for fishing ships and merchant ships (and even small raiding ships but not well suited in the context of the game). The war ship of the Celtic factions is only based on the description of Caesar. The name comes from Caesar too: Pontones. Some linguists suspect a latin origin, others suspect a Gallic origin from Ponto/Pontos. The others names suggested in Gaulish dictionaries for the boats and ships are Nauson and Bacca/Baccos. But they are not certain.

Why a military vessel is the first thing that comes up to your mind about a bigger ship? "Long" is also used for small ship in old irish. Probably it is a common word for any longilign vessels like the ones they found in Britain and in Denmark. There is a bigger early Gallo-Roman long ship that could fit in but it is still not a military one. Probably a loan word from old anglo-saxon Bat/Bad (boat). Maybe something with itro-

I did a design document with some pictures (not all I put in the previous document) for the Gauls. I did some modifications about the names of the units, I abandoned my idea of regional names (too restrictive) but I keep my idea of two reform: Gallic sovereignty reform and Belgian uprising reform. The unit description is at the end. Do you have any suggestion/remark/error? https://www.docdroid.net/9fLYce0/gauls-design.pdf

Thanks. It is also a montefortino helmet then (from Castelrotto).

Ah. Basically it is this: Your work is very nice. The Alésia (C), the Coolus (B) and the Montefortino (D-H) seem correct to me (besides the use of bronze for Alésia helmet and the use of iron for Coolus helmet). Which helmet is the A with the little thing on the top? Just a word about the color, it exists hundreds of copper alloys and modern helmet replicas are based on copper/zinc alloys, not bronze (copper/tin). Copper/zinc helmet existed but mostly during the Roman Empire and not for all helmets. Today, it exist two major bronze types used: Tin Bronze and Phosphor Bronze. Tin Bronze is the only one known during ancient times and generally with tin percentage between 6 to 10%. https://copperalliance.org.uk/about-copper/copper-alloys/ Tin Bronze with 10-12% of tin: http://www.metalreference.com/CU_907.html Corinthian Helmet in good condition:

Millennium A.D.?

Origin of the Coolus-Mannheim? Here a native Southern Gallic helmet, type Toulouse-Estarac in iron - 100/70 BC :

Helmet type Alésia - 1st century BC Helmet type Agen - 1st century BC Helmet type Forêt de Rouvray - 1st century BC Helmet variante of Forêt de Louviers - 1st century BC Helmet type Port - 1st century BC Helmet type Port variant of Mihovo: Helmet type Siemiechowa (Poland) - 1st century BC Helmet type Mihovo - 1st century BC Helmet type Boé - 1st century BC

Yeah my bad. Linguistic is not my specialty and modern Celtic languages are so complicated because of their divergent history. I'm more interested in ancient history, not medieval history. Edit: Here an interesting comparison between the celtic languages: https://www.academia.edu/6990656/Gallo-Brittonic_vs._Insular_Celtic_The_Inter-rela_tion_ships_of_the_Celtic_Languages_Recon_sidered

In theory yes. But in practice we don't have any proof... There are some burials with Celtic and Roman weapons mixed but they are from the post-Gallic Wars period and probably represent auxiliaries. The Coolus-Mannheim origin is unknown and specialist like Michel Feugère thinks it is a helmet from Roman tradition. We don't know if this helmet is used by both Celtic and Roman warriors as an usual helmet. The Coolus-Mannheim could really be an evolution of the previous Montefortino. My point of view is that I disagree with Feugère's position. Firstly because he is a "Roman Supremacist" and can be excessive on his positions. For example he said that the helmets type Port aren't from a Gallic tradition but from a Gallo-Roman tradition, criticizing the idea that Gallic helmets were the sources of inspiration for the imperial helmets. Gladly, new findings in Gergovia prove him wrong by showing the existence of the type Port during the Gallic Wars in native burials. In my opinion, the Coolus-Mannheim comes from Gallia Narbonensis and is a helmet used by the early Gallo-Roman auxiliaries. The basic design is clearly similar with the Late montefortino helmet and with its successor the Buggenum, both without paragnathids, but the absence of the top tip is probably from a local tradition (there is a celtic relief depicting a similar helmet but with paragnathids). Julius Caesar is the proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis and he got a lot of issues with Rome during his campaign. It should have been much easier for him to produce these helmets to supply his legionaries and his auxiliaries.

Actually we have no proofs of these borrowing. These helmets are pretty rare. Moreover, Kultofathena are making up their opinion from nothing since they even mess up with the helmet typology. It is not an Agen helmet (which look like a Alesia type) but a "Forêt de Rouvray" type.

Yeah I was thinking about this. A lot of people confuse Coolus C-E helmets with Celtic helmets. It is why I see often the same models both in iron and in bronze. It is not a problem for monterfortino helmets but for others it should be avoided (for example Berru helmets exist only in bronze). These ones? https://trac.wildfiregames.com/wiki/Civ%3A_Britons https://trac.wildfiregames.com/wiki/Civ%3A_Gauls

I got a question, what is this helmet in bronze or in iron with a back cap and a tip in the top?

Sure. To be simple, the actual names are based on different modern languages mostly Welsh, Breton and Irish Gaelic. The problem with these modern languages is that they didn't share the same history of the Gaulish language and have a lot of loan words from Latin and English. During the timeframe of the game there was two main groups and four sub-groups of Celtic languages known: *P-celtic languages with the sub-groups Continental Gaulish and Insular Britonish. *Q-Celtic or K-Celtic languages with the sub-groups Gaelic and Celtiberic languages. The two actual factions are based mainly on the Gauls and the Britons that both used P-Celtic languages. At this point of time, the Britonish and the Gaulish are very close and have a lot of similarities. It is why I used only Gaulish dictionaries for my suggestion. The Irish Gaelic are Q-Celtic languages with a long evolution and numerous loan words. For example Caer is probably a borrowing from the Latin Castrum. The Breton is a language from the Insular Britonish with Latin and Cornish influence that insular immigrants brought into France during the fifth century AD. After centuries of evolution during the Middle Age, the Breton have a very different pronunciation and writing of the words. For example, Annedd is an evolution of the Gaulish word Andoedo/Andosedon. The same for Welsh that emerges only around the third century AD. In my proposal, I choose Tegia for the house because it is a well known word in Gaulish with an old indo-european root (-Teg) which has given the Stégos in Greek (house, roof). For the Corral, I choose Cagion because it is used for "a field closed by a fence" with an old indo-european root (-kagh) which has given Caulae in Latin and Hag in German (fence). Olca is suspected to come from an old root (-polka) which has given several words to designate a land suited for farming in Germanic languages and Medieval latin languages. Lissos is known from several toponyms and the root has survived in old irish (Less) and Breton (Les) to designate a palace and a royal residence. Tigernotreba is a personal reconstruction with the word Tigerno- very common in insular Britonish to designate a lord/seigneur and the word -Treba designating a habitation (either a house or a hamlet). Coriosedlon is a personal reconstruction with Corios (army) and Sedlon (seat) in Gaulish and Sessa (seat) in Britonish, I took my inspiration from the latin -sedeo used in Praesidium to designate a military place. Brauon is a mill in Gaulish. Gobanio- is a root associated with different word about the blacksmith and the forge. Capanon comes from a word in Gallo-Latin (capanna) which is suspected to be the ancestor of the word Cabane in French. Buta is a gaulish word associated with the idea of a habitation but with several successors in old french dialects that has given toponym associated with stable, barn and pigsty. Magos and Dunon are very well known word about market and fortress. Uxelon is a personal reconstruction for the name tower from the toponym Uxella meaning high fort or high place, the root Uxel- is associated with the idea of physical highness. Rate means wall in all Celtic languages. Duoricos is a portique with the root Dur- associated in all Celtic and Germanic languages with the idea of gate. Nemeton is a known word from latin litterature for sanctuaries among the Celts. Counos is a proposal for the port from the greco-celtic "Kóounnos nêsos", the toponym Cunis and the Old irish Cúan. Celicnon is a word proposed for a feast or a religious building (huge linguistic debate behind this word). Cantalon is a circular monument (root cant- for the circle) in a religious Gallo-roman inscription found in France. Finally my personal construction Remogantion and Comardrigantion both using the word Gantio- for the assembly. Remo- is the "first" like in the latin "Princeps", designating a noble class. Comardrig- is constituated of Com- (comrade) and of Ardrig (High-king, like in Irish mythology). Literally the assembly of the comrades of the high king.

It took me a while, but I did a review of the possible labeling for the buildings. After a lot of hesitation and reading about which name is the best and personal reconstruction (I did my best) here my proposition: Gauls buildings: Building Actual name New name House Annedd Tegia Corral Cavalidos Cagion Farm Varmo Olca Civic-center Caer Lissos Barracks Gwersyllty Coriosedlon Rotary Mill Melonas Brauon Storehouse Ystordy Capanon Farmstead Ffermdy Buta Blacksmith Amoridas Gobanion Market Marchnaty Magos Fortress Dun Dunon Tower Tyrau Uxelon Wall Gwarchglawdd Rate Gate Duro Duoricos Temple Addoldy Nemeton Port Crannoc Counos New buildings Feast-center Celicnon Hemicycle Remogantion Monument Mediolanon Bretons buildings: Building Actual name New name House Annedd Tegia Corral Cavalidos Cagion Farm Varmo Olca Civic-center Caer Tigernotreba Barracks Gwersyllty Coriosessa Rotary Mill Melonas Brauon Storehouse Ystordy Capanon Farmstead Ffermdy Buta Blacksmith Amoridas Gobanion Market Marchnaty Magos Fortress Dun Dunon Tower Tyrau Uxelon Wall Gwarchglawdd Rate Gate Duro Duoricos Temple Addoldy Nemeton Port Crannoc Counos New buildings Irish-royal site Comardrigantion Monument Cantalon

I checked the buildings from the Celtic factions and in general there is no big trouble. The only thing is the overwhelming occurrence of round shields and britonic shields on gallic buildings. It should be nice to replace them by oval shields which are the emblematic shield in the gallic art. Maybe some farming tools and others common items could be interesting to enhance the buildings. The forge/blacksmith have a fire and a chimney that are not really accurate historically but it is maybe excessive to change them. If you are motivated here some pictures: Outside the temple and the tavern that should be changed, I think the Civic-Center (actually labelled Caer) could be improved. I have the feeling that this building look too much like a market or a shop. I suggest to keep the main structure, to remove the foods, the showcases and the displays. I suggest to color a part of the facade of the building with the color faction and to add some discrete patterns/motifs. I like the idea of the portique and we could add on each side of the main door two wooden statues against the wall.

Canosa helmet, fourth century BC: Helmet of Amfreville (Casque d'Amfreville), fourth century BC: Helmet of Tronoën / Helmet of St-Jean Trolimon (iron helmet with bronze decorations): Helmet of Agris (Casque d'Agris): 3D model https://sketchfab.com/models/c791886dc48c4a47be16616a77eef198 Possible reconstruction of the broken and missing pieces:

Type Montefortino helmets, fourth and third century BC: Variante Kastelruth, second century BC:

Bronze and engraved helmet from the necropolis of Montefortino, fourth century BC: Iron helmet of Monte Bibele with bronze decorations, fourth century BC:

Helmets type Berru - All in bronze - 4th century BC

Rathcroghan, Royal irish iron age site. https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/researching-rathcroghan-the-tara-of-the-west-1.2828490 https://youtu.be/K7iTshfqG1c Bloodgate Hill, british Iron Age Fort http://www.norfarchtrust.org.uk/bloodgate