Lion.Kanzen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Roman_army very complete info.

Braccae Braccae is the Latin term for trousers, and in this context is today used to refer to a style of trousers, made from wool. The Romans encountered this style of clothing among peoples whom they called Galli (Gauls). This is often assumed to mean speakers of Celtic languages, though many scholars (including John Collis and Peter S Wells) doubt that the term Galli was primarily based on linguistic affiliation. Braccae were typically made with a drawstring, and tended to reach from just above the knee at the shortest, to the ankles at the longest, with length generally increasing in tribes living further north. When the Romans first encountered the braccae, they thought them to be effeminate (Roman men typically wore tunics, which were one-piece outfits terminating at or above the knee). The focale (plural focalia), also known as a sudarium ("sweat cloth"), was a woolen or linen scarf worn by ancient Roman military personnel. It protected the neck from chafing by the armor. The focale is depicted widely in military scenes from Roman art, such as the relief sculpture on the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum and Trajan's Column. It is shown loosely knotted in the front, but is sometimes visible with the ends tucked inside the cuirass, In Latin literature, focale is a general word for a scarf or wrapping for the throat. A focale was one of the gifts that might be given for the December festival of Saturnalia, according to Martial. In one of his satires, Horace lists focalia among the "badges of illness" (insignia morbi). In describing the correct attire for public speaking, Quintilian advises against wearing a focale, unless required by poor health. Although a sudarium often is used as a handkerchief, it can be worn like the focale as a neckerchief. When Suetonius describes the overly casual attire of Nero, the emperor is barefoot, unbelted, and dressed in evening wear (synthesis), with a sudarium around his neck. In late antiquity, orarium (Greek orarion) might be synonymous with focale, as in the description of military attire in the Vision of Dorotheus, and in a papyrus (dated 350–450 AD) listing military clothes. The focale is sometimes seen as one of the precursors of the necktie. Cesare Vecellio (1530–1606) mentions the focale, calling it a cravata (cravat), as worn by Roman soldiers in his book on the history of fashion. It has been compared to the amice (amictus) worn by Roman Catholic priests, which is depicted from the 6th century onward, as in the Ravenna mosaics.

Imperial Italic "G" helmet, discovered in Hebron, Israel and dated to the early II cent. AD. Probably a spoil of war taken by Jewish zealots

http://www.erminestreetguard.co.uk/legionary%20equipment.htm this a second source talking about helmets and other military items, but no pics.

and Why is the reason , I don't like only post links, this about talking sometime ago , debating against a user that like to be critic to me. but there is the solution, this way was how save a Mythos Ruler reference in the trac. https://archive.org/web/

http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-006.html about not believe to much in Trajan Column Helmets

not now... pleaseeeee XDXDDDDD I have a Book full of them, but.... I want create them but in December? I will show you.... wait a minute, I'm posting Reference Sources.

Another big fake.

First Influences from Trajan Column about Archaeology trough the times and other Hollywood Movies compared with real inspiration other first portraits, inspired in the Column. Why the Column is Imperfect reference to have decent helmet? To reveal more of the warriors, sculptors scaled down some of the shields and cut away Roman helmets. source http://www.nationalgeographic.com/trajan-column/?amp&&&&sf8061447=1 Sculptural Evidence Many sculptures have been found showing the Roman army in operation as well as individual memorial monuments to soldiers. The workmanship on these monuments and indeed the amount of weathering vary considerably but the better known examples such as Trajan’s column may not be the best primary source for the type of helmets used at any given period of the Roman Empire. There is a suspicion amongst several military researchers, such as H Russell Robinson, that monuments erected in Rome used a formalised Greek style rather than being based on actual equipment currently in use by front-line troops. An alternative suspicion is that when any equipment was shown on monuments in Rome it may have reflected that commonly used by either the Praetorian troops or Urban Cohorts who were based in Rome. Local masons in the provinces around Legion camps may give a more accurate indication of the actual equipment used, as they would have been working with or for people wearing similar equipment to their subject. However, often the quality of carving remaining today is not as good as that in Roman examples, so their utility for historical accuracy has often either been ignored or questioned. In either event even the most “realistic” of carving may not allow an accurate interpretation to be made of how the average Roman Legionary or Auxiliary would be equipped in full battle array. The primary evidence therefore devolves to a scattering of archaeological finds, which are often damaged or incomplete. Due to the number of individual helmets discovered on Roman sites, even when incomplete, similarities of form and function have become apparent along with an indication of how different helmets were developed over time

Full of Army references even a map. http://es.scribd.com/doc/30409353/Roman-Army-Brasseys-History-of-Uniform#scribd

The Passion of The Christ (2004) The film takes place in the same period, concluding with the death of Christ, traditionally in 33 AD In the case of officers, represented attics keep finding models with visor, headdress and elaborate like decoraciones.al officers representing some of the legionaries with helmets imperial italic-type, but make their appearance en masse in mid this century. probably this most realistic. because those soldier, could be Auxiliar(not Syrian Archer) may be spearman, without Lorica segmentata or Lorica segmentata made by Iron. Why an Auxiliar ? This Article was translated from Spanish to English to know how look the romans in the time of Adult Jesus Christ in Judea. The trial of Jesus reconstructed by Peter Connolly (Ed. Oxford University Press)....The soldiers appear flanking the podium are auxiliary (soldiers who did not have Roman citizenship, these were probably Syrian) the Roman army. A cohort (480 men) of these auxiliary command of a tribune was permanent garrison in the Antonia Tower/ Antonia Fortress, there weren't not legionaries in Jerusalem (soldiers from the legions), but auxiliary. Judea at the time of Jesus' birth was a client kingdom, ruled by Herod the Great under Rome's authority. He probably had his own troops for security and general military needs, though Rome may have sent him temporary reinforcements when necessary. Some thirty years later, by the Crucifixion, Judea had become an equestrian province with Pontius Pilate as the current procurator or prefect. He was of equestrian rank, not a senator, and therefore was not of high enough status to command a legion. So his garrison was composed of auxiliary troops, with the nearest legions being stationed in Syria. There may have been a few small details of legionaries or lone centurions on detatched duty here and there, but their tasks would not have had anything to do with the day to day operations in Judea. There is a reference in the Bible to "the Italian Cohort", apparently Cohors II Italica, composed (unlike most other auxiliary units) of Roman citizens from Italy. There is some evidence that the cohort in garrison at Jerusalem was a cohors equitata, with both infantry and cavalry. Most of the troops besides the Italians would have been Syrians or other locals, Greek-speaking non-citizens. Some of the centurions may have been transferred from the legions as a means of promotion. None of these soldiers would have been overly friendly or sympathetic towards the Jews--internecine strife was this region's specialty. See the page on Auxiliaries to see how they were equipped and dressed. Auxiliary centurions would have been pretty much the same as those in the legions--see the page on Organization and Officers. . http://www.larp.com/legioxx/holyland.htmlhttp://www.historialago.com/xto_01135_juiciopilato_01.htm

Great care is taken to distinguish the men and women from both sides of the campaign as well as the ranks within these distinct groups. The scenes are crowded with sailors, soldiers, statesmen and priests, showing about 2,500 figures in all. It also exists as a valuable source of information on Roman and barbaric arms and methods of warfare (such as forts, ships, weapons, etc.) and costume. The relief shows details such as a ballista or catapult. The precise details of the depictions creates a "reality effect" for the viewer in which designer's hope is that these images are taken for objective historical truth.[11] The emperor Trajan is depicted realistically in the Veristic style, and makes 59 appearances among his troops. The focus on Trajan as the heroic protagonist is central.[12] The portrayal of the Roman army as kinder and gentler may also be because it aids in Trajan's image as a man with the virtues of "justice, clemency, moderation, and restraint"

there are many way even not balancing at all. AoK don't look very balanced. many times I can't take down a player or an Ai because they have cavalry armored civilization and me a archer and weak Infantry (Mayans vs Slavs) for example.

Rome HBO (2005-2006) the same problem with Gladiator: the reference for art is other piece of art, The Trajan Column look enormous accurated we can compared with Marian Legionaries. . even old fashion pre Marian they look with some credibility. not by an expert eye. We analyze here the latest approach to the Roman world. It is a television series that runs from the completion of the conquest of Gaul by Caesar in 52 BC until his death in 44 B.C. Official highly decorated Attics(Helmets) they portrait the models, with plumes of feathers or horsehair, so characteristic of the films of Romans. As for the Legionaries, in the image (fig. 28) we can see a centurion and several legionaries. The types of helmets carrying unidentifiable archaeologically, but are based on the types that can be seen in the column of Trajan, erected in the early second century AD and one of the most classic to represent the armament of the legionnaires references. http://www.ugr.es/~arqueologyterritorio/PDF3/Perez.pdf the make up and photography edition made realistic this helmet, but I don't think so. are only details to give authenticity.

Second Part: How Hollywood take inspirations? Gladiator (2000) the disgrace of a Roman general after the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, the action takes over command of the Emperor Commodus, between 180 and 192 A.D. The presence of attics models is inevitable among officers, but among Legionnaires appears both models based on the type Niedermörmter (Fig. 37), but presenting more simplified (Haevy more) and italic-imperial (Fig. 38). It is quite likely that at this time, on the northern border of the Empire, legionaries were equipped with both models, the first, most innovative, and seconds and somewhat outdated, but still in use. The problem is not present an anachronism this film, but appears erroneous helmets used into this context, in particular, they used in the parade, a cavalry Helmet to equip the bodyguards of the Emperor Commodus. source: http://www.ugr.es/~arqueologyterritorio/PDF3/Perez.pdf

Imperial Italic H The Neidermormter helmet, classified by Robinson as Imperial Italic H, is one of the best-preserved Roman Imperial helmets to have survived from antiquity and is a beautiful piece of the armorer’s craft all around. Made of bronze (an iron version reportedly resides in a private collection), the helmet is heavily decorated and features and enormously deep neck guard. The cross bracing across the skull is actually embossed, rather than applied, and there is a rather unusual dome-shaped knob where the braces meet at the crown of the head. This helmet is typically dated to the late Antonine or Severan eras, ca. AD 180-235, but the find context of the helmet is unknown and the dating is based solely on its typology (i.e. it looks about 40-60 years down the evolutionary trail from the Italic G), providing enough leeway to allow its use for Legio VI Victrix.

Imperial Italic D This highly decorated helmet seems like it may be unique at first glance; however, it was apparently mass produced, as a second very similar cheek piece has been found, as well a another complete helmet (Imperial Italic E), which apparently had the same style decoration, though most had been stripped off when it was discarded. This helmet is often depicted in modern artwork as a centurion’s headpiece, but the surviving fore and aft crest attachment hooks suggest it belonged to a regular soldier. Because it is so distinctive, it is sometimes stated that it may have been a special item for a particular unit such as the Praetorian Guard. More likely, the Italic D was the product of a single workshop producing a more decorative type for soldiers who might wish to shell out a bit more for splashy headgear. Since the Italic D has integral brass cross-braces placed flat against the skull, providing a double-thickness of metal at a critical point, it is tempting to speculate that the superior performance of this type versus the Dacian falx is what led to the decision to retrofit cross bracing to all helmets in the Dacian theater. The Deepeeka version of the Italic D, illustrated above left, has a few minor authenticity problems, but is acceptable for use with Legio VI.

60 Civs or 60 Factions?

wow, I want.... I want.... is my vision about 0AD MOD based in iron. I want ... I want to help you.

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Imperial Gallic G (The Classic ;D ) Robinson considered this the “typical mid-first century legionary helmet” (although the Coolus was probably more common) and it seems to have continued in use on into the early second century AD. The best example was found in the Rhine River at Mainz-Weisenau and is now exhibited in Worms, Germany. Helmets of this style can definitely be dated to the Boudican revolt of AD 61 based on fragments found in rubbish pits at Colchester (now reassembled and displayed at the Colchester Castle Museum). The carrying handle seen on the Weisenau original (and our reproduction) Imperial Gallic I This helmet dates to the same period as the Imperial Gallic H, and is essentially the same design, but is made in the cupric alloy “orichalcum” (brass) instead of iron. Like several other helmets, the original was found in the Rhine River at Mainz, and the original of this particular helmet bears the inscription of a soldier named L. Lucretius Celeris of Legio I Adiutrix. This Legion was stationed at Mainz from 71 to 86 AD, dating the helmet to this period. Although its crest attachment was missing, a round imprint suggests a soldered on disc, indicating it had either an Italian style “twist on” crest holder, rather than the Gallic style “slide-on” crest. Three orichalcum helmets of this style are known. All three show evidence of feather holders, which occur only rarely on iron ones, and it may be possible that in the late first century when iron helmets seem more common, the brass helmets and feather tubes suggest a higher rank, perhaps that of option.

Detailed info about helmets seen into the Trajan Column exemple. Introduction. how accurately Roman arms and armour were portrayed in classical sculpture? There has been a lot of debate in particular over the helmets worn by legionaries. A lot of armchair-critics and historians often scoff at the idea of using stylised sculpture such as reference for Roman equipment. However, they seem to forget that Rome, as a militaristic imperial power, would have had soldiers present everywhere, and so artists would certainly have had an idea about legionary armour based on what they had seen. For example, historians used Trajan's column and the column of Aurelius, and said that the helmets depicted with the rigs on the bowl didn't exist. However, there is a genuine helmet of that style in a museum in Hamburg: the helmets miles and auxilia used in the dacian wars were of "weisenauer type at other war monuments (that were most probably built by legionnaires that were in actual service in dacia and moesia) the armour of the roman soldiers conforms with archaeological finds. i.e. the legionnaires wear mostly lorica hamata, squamata and plumata. also their helmets have no rings, different cheek protectors! and the 4 dacian falx types are correct too. under editing... . More likely, the Italic D was the product of a single workshop producing a more decorative type for soldiers who might wish to shell out a bit more for splashy headgear. Since the Italic D has integral brass cross-braces placed flat against the skull, providing a double-thickness of metal at a critical point, it is tempting to speculate that the superior performance of this type versus the Dacian falx is what led to the decision to retrofit cross bracing to all helmets in the Dacian theatre Imperial Gallic helmets, which Robinson believed were the products of Celtic craftsmen in Gaul, featured a pair of distinctive embossed eyebrows on the forehead region and tended to be carefully made and elaborately decorated. Imperial Italic helmets, which Robinson saw as the product of less-skilled copycats in Italy and elsewhere in the Empire, lacked the eyebrows and were somewhat more roughly made. The differences in decoration and workmanship tended to diminish as time went on; the last two Italic types classified by Robinson, the Hebron (Italic G) and Neidermorter (Italic H) helmets, were as carefully crafted and well-decorated as any Imperial Gallic helmet. The Roman combat experience in Dacia under Domitian (AD 81-96) and Trajan (AD 98-117) produced further developments in helmet design. The ability of the wicked Dacian falx, a two-handed sickle-like sword, to reach over the Roman shield wall and pierce a helmet like a can-opener forced the Romans to come up with countermeasures in the form of two iron bars riveted crosswise across the helmet scull (alternatively, two thick bronze strips might be riveted to the top of a bronze legionary or auxiliary helmet). This started as a field modification, as seen on several Imperial Gallic helmets with the crossbars hastily riveted right over the decorative eyebrows. An illustration by Peter Connolly, seen above right, depicts this type of modification to an Imperial Gallic H helmet. Crossbars are seen on some, though not all of the legionary helmets on Trajan’s Column. Imperial Italic G The original example of this distinctive helmet was found in a cave near Hebron, Israel, and was thought to be captured war booty of the Jewish Zealots of the Bar Kochba Revolt during the reign of Hadrian, ca. AD 133-135. Consequently, it is the one helmet that can be convincingly dated to the period covered by Legio VI Victrix and is the preferred helmet of our legion. The Imperial Italic G represents the earliest Roman helmet discovered in which the post-Dacian Wars crossbars were probably part of the original construction, as evidenced by the brass lunate decorations applied between the crossbars. Finally, this is probably the most accurate helmet made by the Deepeeka group in India

mostly points I see in my years in the forum and my spanish group are: Territory system (very restrictive)Citizen Soldiers: Gestational army vs Economy bonus.Balance the Factions. (as AoM or Blizzard games.)Difference the Factions XD (AoK the difference not was enough)Add more factions/ "my Country Faction"(or Exotic) or following Total war Factions. Example Mayans or Pontus, are the more requested.optimization.