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Genava55
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Posts posted by Genava55
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3 hours ago, Gurken Khan said:
Has there been any nuclear power plants in the recent years that actually stayed close to their projected costs?
Welcome to real world, every large project has this issue.
3 hours ago, Gurken Khan said:Partly built with Chernobyl technology.
Like what? Are you insinuating there are the same technological flaws?
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A French report says that an entire grid with nuclear production (mixed with 50/50 nuclear/renewable) is much cheaper than 100% renewable or 87% renewable. Including the construction cost, waste management cost and decommission cost.
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7 hours ago, Lion.Kanzen said:
One question: so were the ancient Iberians?
I am not sure. Maybe. I know Iberians from the North-East collected heads. Hands I don't know.
7 hours ago, Lion.Kanzen said:So much influence did they have from North Africa?
There was also Celtic genetics?
As far as I know, the genetical differences between Iberians or Etruscans are small with their neighbors.
On the Iberian peninsula, the change mostly happened during the early Bronze Age but for everyone.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/ancient-iberians-dna-from-steppe-men-spain
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Celtiberians collected hands that's correct but generaly the right hands. So it isn't right (pun intended).
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A bunch of videos on nuclear energy
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Cherry picking the particular case of Hinkley Point C ?
Anyway electricity price is complicated in UK: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-30/u-k-power-is-so-high-that-edf-hinkley-reactor-looks-good-value
The problem is more the UK than the nuclear plant but whatever.
QuoteNuclear thus remains the dispatchable low-carbon technology with the lowest expected costs in 2025. Only large hydro reservoirs can provide a similar contribution at comparable costs but remain highly dependent on the natural endowments of individual countries. Compared to fossil fuel-based generation, nuclear plants are expected to be more affordable than coal-fired plants. While gas-based combined-cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) are competitive in some regions, their LCOE very much depend on the prices for natural gas and carbon emissions in individual regions. Electricity produced from nuclear long-term operation (LTO) by lifetime extension is highly competitive and remains not only the least cost option for low-carbon generation - when compared to building new power plants - but for all power generation across the board.
https://www.iea.org/reports/projected-costs-of-generating-electricity-2020
France is producing more than 70% of its electricity from nuclear. So...
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1 hour ago, Gurken Khan said:
Nuclear energy is neither cheap
It is cheap enough and much more stable/consistant.
1 hour ago, Gurken Khan said:nor clean, nor safe
Hydroelectric dams are worst than nuclear plants, they killed much more people and polluted much more as well (for example the methylation of mercure occuring in South America).
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On 31/05/2020 at 11:06 PM, Genava55 said:
Documentary mostly giving evidences from the Alemanni
Small documentary about the Frankish warrior during the 5th century AD:
Some footage from the place:
The last one is a playlist
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1 hour ago, ValihrAnt said:
I understand that the Celts didn't really have any historical justification for having this bonus and from what I found the Athenians would be a good alternative. In 479 BC the city was atleast partly destroyed by the Persians. The evacuation and later rebuilding of the city seems to me as fitting justification for this bonus.
Any very urban civilization could claim this bonus, but probably Rome and Ptolemaic Egypt were the best in the matter of metropolis and large urban population. Ancient Carthage as well.
Rome, Alexandria and Carthage were probably the largest cities.
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France is mostly nuclear. It has little impact.
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50 minutes ago, Dizaka said:
Quick phasing ('instant' or cheaper phase upgrades)
I like the idea. It will give them a short edge, not too early and not too late.
52 minutes ago, Dizaka said:Romans:
- Encampments produce catapults and bolts.
- Units can be transferred between encampments if encampments are within XYZ of each other's range.
- Remove arsenal from buildings
- Put all arsenal upgrades in fort
- Add AOE upgrade to catapults
- no palisades (don't need 3 types of walls). Siege walls have palisades properties.
I think the Romans should have a population bonus. Their manpower was enormous for the time:
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I suggest you to break down the implementation in different steps and to stay simple for the first steps.
Aiming directly for 25 units would be a bit difficult.
Including a rock throwing unit would require a new animation.
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To be viable, the civilization would require at least:
- new male and female citizens
- javelineer
- slinger
- spearman
- swordsman
- light cavalryman
- heavy cavalryman (spear or sword)
- two champion units.
- two unique techs
- a civilization bonus
- three heroes
At first you can reuse models from the Iberians, like the caetra and the falcata, and change only the texture of the body.
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By the way, I noticed a potential issue in a previous post of Ardworix (one more to the list).
He claimed the Lusitanians wore black cloths but actually it isn't related to Lusitanians.
On 08/09/2021 at 8:31 PM, Ardworix said:I think it would also be important to consider Estrabon's express description of the Lusitanian people's way of dressing, he says:
Quote" [....] Most have linothorax; others, but in a small number, wear chain mail and the triple summit helmet; helmets are generally made of leather. Pedestrians also have leather gaiters, and each one carries many long darts in his hand; some use spears tipped with bronze. All men are dressed in black, and to tell the truth, they do not leave their sagos using them as blankets on their beds of straw Dry: these robes, like those of the Celts, are made of coarse wool or goat hair. Women only wear colored robes and dresses made of crisscross thread." - Estrabon, Geography, Book III.
About it, also Diodorus Sciculus:
Quote"They wear rough black cassocks made of wool, like goat hair. Some of them are armed with the light Welsh shields, others with Sketon as large as shields, and wear greaves on their legs made of coarse fur and bronze helmets over their heads, adorned with red plumes. They carry double-edged swords exactly tempered with steel, and have daggers on the side, of a long span, which they make use of in close fights." - Diodorus Siculus - Book V, Brittany, Gaul and Iberia.
Actually, he manipulated the quotes for purposes.The whole quote from Strabo should be this (the translation is different but you will see the issue):
QuoteThe Lusitanians are reported to be clever in laying ambushes, sharp, swift of foot, light, and easily disciplined as soldiers. The small shield they make use of is two feet in diameter, its outer surface concave, and suspended by leather thongs; it neither has rings nor handles. They have in addition a poignard or dagger. Their corselets are for the most part made of linen; a few have chain-coats and helmets with triple crests, but the others use helmets composed of sinews. The infantry wear greaves, each man is furnished with a number of javelins; some also use spears pointed with brass. They report that some of those who dwell near to the river Douro imitate the Lacedæmonians in anointing their bodies with oil, using hot air-baths made of heated stones, bathing in cold water, and taking but one tidy and frugal meal a day. The Lusitanians are frequent in the performance of sacrifice; they examine the entrails, but without cutting them out of the body; they also examine the veins of the side, and practise augury by the touch. They likewise divine by the entrails of captive enemies, whom they first cover with a military cloak, and when stricken under the entrails by the haruspex, they draw their first auguries from the fall [of the victim]. They cut off the right hands of their prisoners, and consecrate them to the gods.
All the mountaineers are frugal, their beverage is water, they sleep on the ground, and wear a profuse quantity of long hair after the fashion of women, which they bind around the forehead when they go to battle. They subsist principally on the flesh of the goat, which animal they sacrifice to Mars, as also prisoners taken in war, and horses. They likewise offer hecatombs of each kind after the manner of the Greeks, described by Pindar, to sacrifice a hundred of every [species].
They practise gymnastic exercises, both as heavy-armed soldiers, and cavalry, also boxing, running, skirmishing, and fighting in bands. For two-thirds of the year the mountaineers feed on the acorn, which they dry, bruise, and afterwards grind and make into a kind of bread, which may be stored up for a long period. They also use beer; wine is very scarce, and what is made they speedily consume in feasting with their relatives. In place of oil they use butter. Their meals they take sitting, on seats put up round the walls, and they take place on these according to their age and rank. The supper is carried round, and whilst drinking they dance to the sound of the flute and trumpet, springing up and sinking upon the knees.
In Bastetania the women dance promiscuously with the men, each holding the other's hand. They all dress in black, the majority of them in cloaks called saga, in which they sleep on beds of straw. They make use of wooden vessels like the Kelts. The women wear dresses and embroidered garments. Instead of money, those who dwell far in the interior exchange merchandise, or give pieces of silver cut off from plates of that metal. Those condemned to death are executed by stoning; parricides are put to death without the frontiers or the cities. They marry according to the customs of the Greeks. Their sick they expose upon the highways, in the same way as the Egyptians did anciently, in the hope that some one who has experienced the malady may be able to give them advice. Up to the time of [the expedition of] Brutus they made use of vessels constructed of skins for crossing the lagoons formed by the tides; they now have them formed out of the single trunk of a tree, but these are scarce. Their salt is purple, but becomes white by pounding. The life of the mountaineers is such as I have described, I mean those bordering the northern side of Iberia, the Gallicians, the Asturians, and the Cantabrians, as far as the Vascons and the Pyrenees. The mode of life amongst all these is similar. But I am reluctant to fill my page with their names, and would fain escape the disagreeable task of writing them, unless perchance the Pleutauri, the Bardyetæ, the Allotriges, and other names still worse and more out of the way than these might be grateful to the ear of some one.
Bastetania is actually there:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastetania
For Diodorus Siculus, the quote is actually about Celtiberians:
QuoteNow that we have spoken at sufficient length about the Celts we shall turn our history to the Celtiberians who are their neighbours. In ancient times these two peoples, namely, the Iberians and the Celts, kept warring among themselves over the land, but when later they arranged their differences and settled upon the land altogether, and when they went further and agreed to intermarriage with each other, because of such intermixture the two peoples received the appellation given above. And since it was two powerful nations that united and the land of theirs was fertile, it came to pass that the Celtiberians advanced far in fame and were subdued by the Romans with difficulty and only after they had faced them in battle over a long period. And this people, it would appear, provide for warfare not only excellent cavalry but also foot-soldiers who excel in prowess and endurance. They wear rough black cloaks, the wool of which resembles the hair of goats. As for their arms, certain of the Celtiberians, carry light shields like those of the Gauls, and certain carry circular wicker shields as large as an aspis, and about their shins and calves they wind greaves made of hair and on their heads they wear bronze helmets adorned with purple crests. The swords they wear are two-edged and wrought of excellent iron, and they also have dirks a span in length which they use in fighting at close quarters.
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Diodorus Siculus, book 5: And a peculiar practice obtains among the Iberians and particularly among the Lusitanians; for when their young men come to the bloom of their physical strength, those who are the very poorest among them in worldly goods and yet excel in vigour of body and daring equip themselves with no more than valour and arms and gather in the mountain fastnesses, where they form into bands of considerable size and then descend upon Iberia and collect wealth from their pillaging. And this brigandage they continually practise in a spirit of complete disdain; for using as they do light arms and being altogether nimble and swift, they are a most difficult people for other men to subdue.
Looks like a kind of männerbund and it would explain why there is a stelae among Cantabrians depicting a warrior with a wolf-hood. Männerbunde are generally associated to wolf or dog in Indo-European societies.
I suggest the Lusitanians should have a special unit called Lusitanian young or Lusitanian raider.
It could be simply the standard javelineer unit but with a bonus of speed. Which by itself would be a pain in the *** and a good advantage if given at the start.
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13 minutes ago, wowgetoffyourcellphone said:
Question. In DE, if I were to add a Lusitanian merc for the Iberians, what class of soldier would be the most iconic to use?
I would say a javelineer would work fine. Strabo's account is short and could be an example of an emblematic case:
Quote6. At any rate, the Lusitanians, it is said, are given to laying ambush, given to spying out, are quick, nimble, and good at deploying troops. They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave in front, and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs (for it has neither arm-rings nor handles). Besides these shields they have a dirk or a butcher's-knife. Most of them wear linen cuirasses; a few wear chain-wrought cuirasses and helmets with three crests, but the rest wear helmets made of sinews. The foot-soldiers wear greaves also, and each soldier has several javelins; and some also make use of spears, and the spears have bronze heads.
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/strabo/3c*.html
Diodorus Siculus mention also that the young Lusitanians were used to plunder other lands to learn the way of war.
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31 minutes ago, Ardworix said:
The troops that attack and use fire dards are from Pompey who had already attacked, previously:
Sorry, but the excerpts you are quoting say exactly otherwise. All the fire darts comes from the town, not from the camp of Pompey's sons. Gnæus Pompeius is not actively participating in the defense of the town since he is himself rebuilding his camps and fortifications.
Chapter 6: "Caesar began to assault Ategua by surrounding it with siege works and fortified lines."
Chapter 7: "It was in this direction, namely that of Ategua, that Pompeius had his camp pitched in the mountains in sight of both towns, without, however, venturing to come to the aid of his comrades. He had the eagles and standards of thirteen legions; but among those which he thought afforded him any solid support two were native legions, having deserted from Trebonius; a third had been raised from the local Roman settlers; a fourth was one which was once commanded by Afranius and which Pompeius had brought with him from Africa while the rest were made up of runaways or auxiliaries."
Chapter 8: "To take the present instance: Pompeius had his camp established between the above-mentioned towns of Ategua and Ucubi, in sight of both of them; and some four miles distant from his camp there lies a hillock, a natural elevation which goes by the name of the Camp of Postumius and there Caesar had established a fort for purposes of defence."
Chapter 10: "That night Pompeius burned his camp and proceeded to march towards Corduba."
Chapter 11: "At the third watch of the night there was very sharp fighting in the area of the town, and many fire-brands were discharged."
Chapter 12: "At the second watch the enemy observed his usual custom of hurling from the town a large quantity of fire-brands and missiles, spending a good long time in the process and wounding a large number. When the night had now passed they made a sally against the Sixth legion when our men were busily occupied on a field-work, and began a brisk engagement; but their sharp attack was contained by our troops despite the support which the townsmen derived from the higher ground. Having once embarked upon their sally, our opponents were nonetheless repulsed by the gallantry of our troops, although the latter were labouring under the disadvantage of a lower position; and after sustaining very heavy casualties they withdrew back into the town."
Chapter 13: "On the next day Pompeius began to carry a line of fortifications from his camp to the river Salsum"
Chapter 14: "Earlier on that day Pompeius established a fort across the river Salsum without meeting any opposition from our troops"
Chapter 15: "Later on that day the old routine was observed and fighting broke out along the battlements. After discharging a very large number of missile weapons and firebrands at our troops, who were on the defensive, the enemy embarked upon an abominable and completely ruthless outrage; for in our sight they proceeded to massacre some of their hosts in the town, and to fling them headlong from the battlements — a barbarous act, and one for which history can produce no precedent."
Chapter 16: "In the closing hours of this day the Pompeians sent a courier, without the knowledge of our men, with instructions that in the course of that night those in the town should set our towers and rampart on fire and make a sally at the third watch. Accordingly, after they had hurled fire-brands and a quantity of missile weapons and spent a very large part of the night in so doing, they opened the gate which lay directly opposite Pompeius' camp and was in sight of it, and made a sally with their entire forces."
15 hours ago, Genava55 said:Anyone can verify it here: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Spanish_War/text*.html
57 minutes ago, Ardworix said:The episode of the Lusitanians brothers who desert, comes from these troops of Pompey, of which they even report a speech....
Yeah but that the point of my message. The Lusitanians are with Pompeius (Pompey's son) not in the town.
58 minutes ago, Ardworix said:From what I see, you are problematic, disruptive, and it seems that your ultimate purpose is to riot to touch your whims.
Well just to go back to your older messages:
On 28/04/2014 at 9:38 PM, Ardworix said:" The most powerful of the Iberian nations , and among all , longer owned the Roman arms . " - Strabo .
On 28/04/2014 at 9:38 PM, Ardworix said:"Those they call Lusitanians are the most valiant of all the Cimbri . " - Diode Siculus .
On 28/04/2014 at 9:38 PM, Ardworix said:His way of fighting were very different from Iberians . While the Iberians were generally more peaceful and non- waged guerrilla warfare , leaving siege by the enemy
On 28/04/2014 at 9:38 PM, Ardworix said:For a Lusitanian there was no greater glory than to die in combat .
On 28/04/2014 at 9:38 PM, Ardworix said:The Lusitanian weapons were also well above the Romans , so that the Romans tried to copy in vain , his arms the famous Glaudios Hipanienses , yet never managed to reach the Lusitanian excellence. even more terrible was the " Machaera Hispanienses " ( falcata ) :
On 31/01/2016 at 10:32 PM, Ardworix said:The scamatta lorica appears to have been originally of use of the Lusitanians, and later copied by the Romans as the "glaudius hispaniensis". The use of crimson color, the Roman army wore gray, when the invasion of the Iberian. The "salutatio iberika" was also copied by the Romans.
On 30/08/2021 at 10:52 PM, Ardworix said:This also implies an increase in the gameplay of the Lusitanian faction. This is because, with Sertorius, it is mentioned by Plutarch that Sertorius' troops created a naval flotilla, siege weapons and other weapons, previously only used by the Romans. In other words, the Lusitanian faction could have available weapons already available in the Roman faction.
I really have the feeling to read a chauvinistic teenager.
1 hour ago, Ardworix said:Anyway I just gave suggestions, do as you see fit. We no longer have anything to talk about and I close my participation. Have a good time!
Bye.
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1 hour ago, Ardworix said:
From the beginning, the presence of Lusitanians, as mercenaries, has been reported, although it gained greater prominence with Philo's request for help from the Lusitanian Cecilius Niger.
Those are not mercenaries but auxiliaries, that a detail but it matters.
Anyway the Lusitanians ARE NOT in Ategua, they are not throwing fire darts. They are with Pompey's sons in his camp. This is even explicitly told when two Lusitanian brothers flee the camp of Pompey and surrender to Caesar, reporting information said by Pompey's sons.
The Lusitanians were with Pompey's sons, not in the town of Ategua.
You were wrong, you can simply move on.
1 hour ago, Ardworix said:Keep trying to cover up your ill will with the heavy army of the Lusitanians.
Change your tone.
If you mean my proposal, following one made by @Duileoga, to follow a successive variation of the body armor with experience, this is simply a standard in 0AD. Most civilization follow this simple rule.
For example, the hoplites for the Greek civs do not have a body armor at the basic.
Each unit have three experience levels with a model associated. Basic, Advanced, Elite.
It is important that the player can easily catch the change among his troops and among enemy's troops.
The most common for the basic is to have no body armor. The Greek hoplite do not have a body armor, it doesn't mean he is not a heavy infantryman. I think you are overreacting here but whatever.
If you want organic armor for the basic version, I don't care. I am not against.
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2 hours ago, Ardworix said:
"About nine at night, the besieged, according to custom, spent a considerable time in casting fire darts upon our soldiers, and wounded a great number of men. At day-break they sallied upon the sixth legion, while we were busy at the works, and began a sharp contest, in which, however, our men got the better, though the besieged had the advantage of the higher ground. Those who had begun the attack, being vigorously opposed on our side, notwithstanding all the inconveniences we fought under, were at length obliged to retire into the town, with many wounds.
Toward the evening of the same day, the fight, as usual, was renewed before the walls: and the enemy having thrown many darts, and a great quantity of fire from the battlements, proceeded afterward to an action of unexampled cruelty and barbarity: for in the very sight of our troops they fell to murdering the citizens, and tumbling them headlong from the walls, as is usual among barbarians: no parallel to this is to be found in the memory of man.
When night came on, Pompey sent a messenger unknown to us, to exhort the garrison to set fire to our towers and mound, and make a sally at midnight. Accordingly, having poured upon us a great quantity of fire darts, and destroyed a considerable part of the rampart, they opened the gate which lay over against and within view of Pompey's camp, and sallied out with all their forces, carrying with them fascines to fill up the ditch; hooks and fire to destroy and reduce to ashes the barracks, which the soldiers had built mostly of reeds to defend them from the winter;" - Bellum Hispaniensis.
This is from Bellum Hispaniensis (Spanish War) chapter 12 to 16, but it describes the siege of Ategua (nearby Cordoba) in Baetica.
The Lusitanians aren't involved before the chapter 30, where they faced Caesar at Munda as an auxiliary force brought by Pompey's sons.
So excuse me, but your quote corroborates this is a habit from the Iberian natives. The defenders of Ategua used fire darts against Caesar.
Anyone can verify it here: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Spanish_War/text*.html
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7 hours ago, Ardworix said:
The use of flaming darts, which currently figure in the Iberian faction, are recorded in the course of the Cesarean Civil War that took place in Hispania, and whose protagonists, once again, are the Lusitanians. before the Cantabrian War.
I think it is from Silius Italicus:
"§ 1.343 exploit of your general! Is this the glorious news with which we intend to fill Italy? Are these the battles whose rumour we send before us?
Fired by his words their courage rose high; the spirit of Hannibal sank deep into their hearts and inspired them; and the thought of wars to come spurred them on. They attack the rampart with bare hands and, when thrust down from the walls, leave there their severed limbs. A high mound was erected and placed parties of combatants above the city. But the besieged were protected and the enemy kept away from the gates by the falarica, which many arms at once were wont to poise. This was a missile of wood, terrible to behold, a beam chosen from the high mountains of the snow-covered Pyrenees, a weapon whose long iron point even walls could scarce withstand. Then the shaft, smeared with oily pitch and rubbed all round with black sulphur, sent forth smoke. When hurled like a thunderbolt from the topmost walls of the citadel, it clove the furrowed air with a flickering flame, even as a fiery meteor, speeding from heaven to earth, dazzles men's eyes with its blood-red tail. This weapon often confounded Hannibal when it carried aloft the smoking limbs of his men by its swift stroke; and, when in its flight it struck the side of a huge tower, it kindled a fire which burnt till all the woodwork of the tower was utterly consumed, and buried men and arms together under the blazing ruins. But at last the Carthaginians retreated from the rampart, sheltered by the close-packed shields of the serried tortoise, and sapped the wall unseen till it collapsed, and made a breach into the town."And from Livy:
"8. For the next few days, while the general's hurt was healing, there was rather a blockade than1 an assault; but though during this interval there was rest from combat, yet was there no slackening in the preparation of engines and defences. Accordingly the fighting broke out afresh more fiercely than before, and pent-houses began to be pushed forward and rams brought up at many points, though in some places the ground would hardly admit of them. The Phoenician was lavishly equipped with men —he is credibly supposed to have had a hundred and fifty thousand under arms —but the townsmen, who, in order to guard and defend every quarter, had been divided into numerous companies, found their strength inadequate. And so now the walls were being battered with rams and in many places had been severely shaken. One section, giving way continuously for some distance, had exposed the town: three towers in a row, together with the wall connecting them, had come down with a loud crash. The Phoenicians believed that the town was taken with that breach, through which from either side men rushed to attack, as though the wall had protected both parties alike. It was not at all like the mellays that commonly occur in sieges, where one side gets an opportunity, but regular battle lines had formed, as in an open field, between the ruins of the wall and the buildings of the city, which stood at some distance off. On this side hope, on that despair inspired courage. The Phoenicians believed the city to be theirs, if they put forth a little effort. The Saguntines opposed their bodies to defend their city, denuded of its walls, nor would one of them draw back his foot lest he admit an enemy to the spot which he had vacated. And the harder both sides fought and the more they crowded in together, the greater was the number of those wounded, for no missile fell without taking effect on shield or body. The Saguntines had a javelin, called a phalarica, with a shaft of fir, which was round except at the end whence the iron projected; this part, four-sided as in the pilum, they wrapped with tow and smeared with pitch. Now the iron was three feet long, that it might be able to go through both shield and body. But what chiefly made it terrible, even if it stuck fast in the shield and did not penetrate the body, was this, that when it had been lighted at the middle and so hurled, the flames were fanned to a fiercer heat by its very motion, and it forced the soldier to let go his shield, and left him unprotected against the blows that followed."
So I must disagree with you (once again).
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4 hours ago, Ardworix said:
On the other hand, I quoted former Portuguese diplomat Miguel Sanches Baêma, a specialist in Military History, and who, more than a historian and interpreter, reproduced the weaponry with the techniques of the time.
Is Miguel Sanches Baêma the full name? I don't find anything over google scholar:
The only place where I can find him is on a forum. But did he publish anything (book, article etc.)?
https://recons-iberoceltica.forumeiros.com/t111-os-armamentos-dos-lusitanos-nas-campanhas-de-viriato
4 hours ago, Ardworix said:"II. En el Levante. El fenómeno de la proyección celtíbera es el mismo, No vamos a recoger todos los testimonios, sino algunos pocos que parecen más significativos. Celtíberos citan las fuentes en el levante ibérico, como Allucio (Liv. XXVI, 50, 12), princeps celtiberorum, que se pasó a Escipión en el invierno del 209-208 a. C. con 1.500 hombres. Edecón y Turro, reyes de los edetanos, figuran como aliados de los celtíberos (Liv. XXVIII, 24), al igual que Mandonio e Indíbil (XXVIII, 24). El primer nombre es celta 6, y el segundo una formación híbrida indoeuropea ibera. La presencia del armamento típico de los celtíberos queda bien atestiguada en el Levante Ibérico: baste recordar los escudos rectangulares, típicos de La Tène, de la cerámica de Liria, donde los guerreros llevan la cota de malla citada por Estrabón (III, 3,6) como propia de los lusitanos, un caballero representado sobre un vaso de Archena y un vaso de La Oliva, todos con los mismos escudos alargados. En el Levante Ibérico, como en la necrópolis de la Solivella, se documentan broches de cinturón rectangulares y de garfios, típicos de la Meseta. En cambio, los túmulos escalonados del Cigarralejo o de Ampurias, son de origen mediterráneo y están representados en los vasos
áticos y suritálicos, pero los circulares o rectangulares, sin pirámide de piedra o adobe, pueden obedecer a prototipos traídos por pueblos indoeuropeos. "Thank you for the reference. Although I find it difficult to follow his logic. He says basically that the Celtiberians are influencing the North-Eastern Iberians because there is La Tène weapons in North-Eastern Iberia. In his mind, La Tène weapons = Celtiberian influence. The problem I have with his opinion is that it has been discussed several times in the literature that the La Tène weapons were not typical in Celtiberian context.
For example, the La Tène shield boss is more frequent in the North-East than it is among the Celtiberians.
The same goes for the Celtic iron montefortino, which is purely La Tène but is not found in Celtiberian context but only in Iberian context:
So it is not valid to say that long shields are equivalent of Celtiberian influence and that anything representing long shields is depicting Celtiberian influence.
QuoteUn conjunto de armas que ha gozado de una especial atención son las de influencia La Tène, que incluye espadas, lanzas, escudos y cascos cuyo origen último se sitúa en la Europa templada. Tratado por los principales especialistas en el armamento protohistórico europeo y peninsular, carecían de una obra de conjunto en el marco peninsular 85. La Tesis Doctoral de G. García Jiménez 86, de reciente publicación, incluye un completo estudio tipológico donde se abordan de forma exhaustiva las diferentes armas de influencia lateniense, acompañado siempre que ha sido posible del análisis directo de las piezas, lo que es sin duda una de las aportaciones esenciales de la obra. De los diferentes elementos que integran el armamento de influencia La Tène sólo la característica espada de hoja recta y doble filo, hombros rectos u oblicuos y empuñadura de espiga, todo ello forjado de una vez, fue adoptada por los celtíberos, como ponen de manifiesto conjuntos como el de la necrópolis de Arcóbriga, el yacimiento que más espadas de este tipo ha proporcionado en la Península Ibérica, con más de medio centenar de ejemplares, algunas conservando aún su vaina 87 (fig. 5, 13).
[...]
Las espadas celtibéricas, a menudo asociadas a puñales, se documentan igualmente en otras regiones como el área vettona y el Sureste, al tiempo que se observa un rechazo por parte de los celtíberos, de otros elementos de la panoplia lateniense, como los escudos o las puntas de lanza.
Source: A. J. Lorrio Alvarado · La guerra y el armamento celtibérico: Estado actual
In fact it is probably the reverse that happened, the Celtiberians adopted the long shields during the 2nd century BC, after it was adopted among the Iberians.
QuoteStill on the various representations in ceramics, they are reputedly considered Celtiberian and Lusitanians:
The problem with your opinion is that it follows this logic:
Everything among Iberians is valid for Celtiberians.
Everything among Celtiberians is valid for Lusitanians.
Therefore everything among Iberians is valid for Lusitanians.
In my opinion, this is sophistry.
References:
https://www.academia.edu/29051656/Elmi_Montefortino_nel_Mediterraneo_occidentale
On 22/09/2021 at 1:04 AM, Genava55 said:La guerra y el armamento celtibérico: estado actual
https://www.academia.edu/30577570/La_guerra_y_el_armamento_celtibérico_estado_actual
El armamento de influencia La Tène en la Península Ibérica (siglos V-I a.C.)
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Current climate change
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Nor the VVER 1000 or the VVER 1200 have the major flaw of RBMK reactors. RBMK were using graphite and lacked a containment building. The Chernobyl disaster was due to several major issues we never saw in any western plants and a particular context, that the people controlling the plant were unaware of the flaws.
Honestly bringing Chernobyl in the topic is terrible, this is simply a dull scarecrow.
Which are generally.... small projects.
Hydroelectric dams, large solar farms, offshore wind turbines... every large project related to renewable suffer from the same issues as nuclear plants.
And renewable energy is cheap when it is a small part of the grid, but the larger it gets, the more expensive it becomes. It is hard to control, hard to distribute, hard to maintain. The network is much more complex.