For a New Faction: Lusitanian.

[Ardworix]

The Iberian faction is very well synthesized with several people who constituted the ancient Iberia . However , following a historical context , the great war that was fought in Iberia were the Lusitanian wars that made Rome tremble. These are the terms in which Strabo refers to the Lusitanians :

" The most powerful of the Iberian nations , and among all , longer owned the Roman arms . " - Strabo .

So that as with the subdivision of the former " Celtic " faction among : Gauls and Britons. I think it is more justified subdivision between Iberians and Lusitanians .

"Those they call Lusitanians are the most valiant of all the Cimbri . " - Diode Siculus .
Besides the historical context , reasons abound from the point of ethno - cultural perspective, the Atlantic - western , folk ( Lusitanians , Galaicos and Asturian ) , constituted a civilization itself , which many archaeologists designate " Castrexa " , framed as Proto -Celtic .


His way of fighting were very different from Iberians . While the Iberians were generally more peaceful and non- waged guerrilla warfare , leaving siege by the enemy . The Lusitanian constituted mobile military units without the Romans podessem employ their siege tactics ( as they did in Gaul and against Numancia Celtiberian ) . More than that , the Romans persecuted the Lusitanians in surprise attacks and relentlessly . For a Lusitanian there was no greater glory than to die in combat .

The Lusitanian weapons were also well above the Romans , so that the Romans tried to copy in vain , his arms the famous Glaudios Hipanienses , yet never managed to reach the Lusitanian excellence. even more terrible was the " Machaera Hispanienses " ( falcata ) :

"They make weapons and darts in an admirable Manner ; bury They are plates of iron so long under ground , till the rust hath consumed The Weaker part , and so the rest passe more strong and firm Of this They make Their swords and other warlike . weapons , and with these arms , tempered Thus , They are cut through every thing in Their Way , that neither shield , helmet , nor bone can withstand them " . - Diodor Siculus .

The Lusitanians fought on foot and horseback , was his peculiar way of fighting : 2 Lusitanian rode one horse, when confronted with enemies , jumped and fought on foot:

" And because They are furnished with two swords , the horse , When They have routed the enemy , alight and join with the foot , and fight to admiration . " - Diode Siculus .

The new faction , Lusitanians , could have such a differential in the game , a single horse , mounted with two jinetes , and once in combat units would drop 2 against the opponent .

[Lion.Kanzen]

For now the team has talk about add a faction , but not a Iberian one, may be Scythians.

Be has this discuss about Edetani, Turdetani, Lusitani, etc. but the answer for now is not, but may this can be changed by mind team and art department, may be a convince not design document can be the difference in here.

Even all faction can be a mod faction after to be presented as full faction.

[Ardworix]

The Lusitanians is a very interesting option, not only for its undeniable condition most important Iberian nation as the aesthetics. For exemple, the monument will be the Lusitanian warrior:

:

Castro:

[Ardworix]

[Ardworix]

Sauna de Briteiros:

Edited April 29, 2014 by Ardworix

[Lion.Kanzen]

http://trac.wildfiregames.com/wiki/Civ%3A_Iberians

Its can be useful make a Document Design like this. is very big lot of work.(only designing)

[Ardworix]

Grateful Lion.Kanzen!

More some aspects:

reconstitution of the vessel would have been used in the settlement of Kallaikia Ireland.

Edited January 12, 2016 by Ardworix

[Ardworix]

distribution of pre-Roman peoples coincide with current linguistic areas areas: From west to east:

. 1 proto-Celtic people -> Portuguese-Galician and Astur-Leonese.
. 2 Celtiberian People -> Spanish.
. 3 Basque Tribes -.> Basconço.
. 4 Iberians People -> Catalan and Aragonese.

[Ardworix]

Just to illustrate how one could play, the combat mode of Lusitanian according to historical references:

[Stan`]

I think Mythos stated that there will be no dismounting in 0 A.D so maybe you can do

It by creating a mod

[Ardworix]

I think Mythos stated that there will be no dismounting in 0 A.D so maybe you can do

It by creating a mod

This is not to disassemble, just create the Lusitanians faction, as was done in Celtic faction, when was created the Brythonic and Gaulish factions.

In the case of the Lusitanians is even simpler, since the Iberian continue to exist.

The Lusitanian Wars, was the greatest of wars against Rome occurred in Iberia, and the Lusitanian nation is a distinct completely the Iberians.

As this is how the Greeks and Romans put themselves in the same faction.

[Stan`]

What I meant is you can make the two units one horse but you have to modify the horse. He does have only one prop point ( one emplacement When you can put a soldier)

And there will be no dismounting. At least in the main game.

For the faction I ´ll be for implementing it though since I will be the pnly artist. Working on buildings that will be looooong

[Ardworix]

What I meant is you can make the two units one horse but you have to modify the horse. He does have only one prop point ( one emplacement When you can put a soldier)

And there will be no dismounting. At least in the main game.

For the faction I ´ll be for implementing it though since I will be the pnly artist. Working on buildings that will be looooong

Oh sorry me, I do not I heed you meant the structure of the horse.

Grateful for observation.

[Stan`]

Anyway if you could find reference for all the buildings you could post it in the mods section.

Anyway if you could find reference for all the buildings you could post it in the mods section.

[Radagast.]

Good drive towards a new faction. For the horse-two-swords simulation I think that trampling effect is thought for that. (it could be done via Aura.. but it's planned to be more physics-like .. but not full physics engine).

Yet the idea of the multiple riders is no bad. It would of course look a bit strange if they don't point individually to different enemenies/sides .. but we could live with it. And also we could replace the horse + 2 soldiers ontop with a horse + 2 soldiers aside.

Other than that state trasition animations were what I dream of. But this is music of far away cultures.

[Ardworix]

Good drive towards a new faction. For the horse-two-swords simulation I think that trampling effect is thought for that. (it could be done via Aura.. but it's planned to be more physics-like .. but not full physics engine).

Yet the idea of the multiple riders is no bad. It would of course look a bit strange if they don't point individually to different enemenies/sides .. but we could live with it. And also we could replace the horse + 2 soldiers ontop with a horse + 2 soldiers aside.

Other than that state trasition animations were what I dream of. But this is music of far away cultures.

The horse with 2 riders could be a unique avatar, so that when approaching a certain distance of the opponent, "would land" 2 infants, getting the avatar in the form of a "kneeling" riderless (naturally) horse.

In summary, the avatar would function as a kind of boat.

[Ardworix]

• Generic Name : Caetratus
• Specific Name : Ezpatari
the Class : Swordsman .
The Armament : Falcata .
The Appearance :
 Garb : Linen Cuirass , the similarity between the Carthaginians and used by the Spartans ( Lusitanian armies that relied on bodies ) ; Gaiters ( ocreas ) leather or linen .
 Shield : Round buckler ( caetra ) . Shield design Should be largely geometric or animal designs .
 Helmet: montifortino with a mane on top , or with 3 horsehair or leather single hull ( Kudu / Galea ) helmet.
 Figure ( s ) : -
The History : " They have a small shield two feet in diameter , concave in front , and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs ( for it has neither rings nor arm- handles) . Besides these shields They have a dirk -knife or the butcher's . Most of Them wear linen cuirasses ; a few wear chain- wrought cuirasses and helmets with three crests , but the rest wear helmets made ​​of sinews . The foot - soldiers wear greaves Also , and each soldier has several javelins ; Also and some make use of spears , and the spears have bronze heads . "- Strabon.

[Radagast.]

The horse with 2 riders could be a unique avatar, so that when approaching a certain distance of the opponent, "would land" 2 infants, getting the avatar in the form of a "kneeling" riderless (naturally) horse.

In summary, the avatar would function as a kind of boat.

That's indeed a good workaround. Though personally I wonder if it's not even more complicate to change the avatar/'boat-horse' actor / props on collision than simply make the unit dismount. Ok, your workaround sounds easier to do (and we don't need the animation, for the proper solution we needed transition animations which we don't have and will not have for a long time probably).

Am I right that the Lusitanian are a faction of the iberian civilization within the iberian/itallic/gallic culture group? (I'll add it to our Roadmap in the Ancient / Iron Age epoch. Do you have a time frame / range for it?)

[Ardworix]

According to André Pena Granha, archaeologist (http://www.estudosceltas.org/pessoais/andre-pena-granha/andre-pena-granha.html), the Lusitanians be Proto-Celts, belonging to castrexa culture, also called atlantoaxial -Western origin of the megalithic culture of Atlantic-western coast.

More information: http://www.calameo.com/read/001292957c64929433ad8

Of all sorts, the Lusitanian Wars are extended from 155 to 139 before christ.

Edited May 24, 2014 by Ardworix

[Ardworix]

Description of the Lusitanian:

“Lusitania, is the greatest of the Iberian nations, and is the nation against which the Romans waged war for the longest times. (...) They entered into combat dropping songs warriors, doing a great din and shouting and waving hair to infuse terror tapping his feet on the ground the shields and swords at a war scream full of ardor and enthusiasm (...)

the Lusitanians, it is said, are given to laying ambush, given to spying out, are quick, nimble, and good at deploying troops. They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave in front, and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs (for it has neither arm-rings nor handles). Besides these shields they have a dirk or a butcher's-knife. Most of them wear linen cuirasses; a few wear chain-wrought cuirasses and helmets with three crests, but the rest wear helmets made of sinews. The foot-soldiers wear greaves also, and each soldier has several javelins; and some also make use of spears, and the spears have bronze heads.

and let their hair stream down in thick masses after the manner of women, though before going into battle they bind their hair about the forehead. [….]All the men dress in black, for the most part in coarse cloaks, in which they sleep, on their beds of litter. And they use waxen vessels, just as the Celts do. But the women always go clad in long mantles and gay-coloured gowns.” – Strabon.

“Those they call Lusitanians are the most valiant of all the Cimbri. These, in, times of war, carry little targets made of bowel strings, so strong and firm, as completely to guard and defend their bodies. In fights they manage these, so nimbly whirling them about here and there, that with a great deal of art they avoid and repel every dart that is cast at them.

They use hooked saunians(javelin of all iron “soliferrum”) made all of iron, and wear swords and helmets like to those of the Celtiberians. They throw their darts at a great distance, and yet are sure to hit their mark, and wound deeply: being of active and nimble bodies, they can easily fly from, or pursue their enemy, as there is occasion : but when they are under hardships, they cannot endure near so much as the Celtiberians.

In time of war they march observing-time and measure; and sing the paeans when they are just ready to charge the enemy

The Iberians, especially the Lusitanians, are singular in one thing that they do; for those that are young and pressed with want, but yet are strong and courageous. get together upon the tops of the mountains, and furnish themselves with arms; and having made up a considerable body, make incursions into Iberia, and heap up riches by thieving and robbery; and this is their constant practice in despite of all hazard whatsoever; for being lightly armed, and nimble of foot, they are not easily surprised. And indeed steep and craggy mountains are to them as their natural country, and to these they fly for shelter, because there is no way in those places for great armies to pass. And therefore though the Romans often set upon them, and in some measure have curbed them, yet they were never able wholly to put an end to their thieving and robbing.” – Diodorus Siculus.

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS

INFANTRY

• Generic Name: Caetratus
• Specific Name: Ezpatari
  • Class: Swordsman.
  • Armament: Falcata sword of antenna.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Basic tunic is of cream-coloured cloth with short-sleeved shirt. Hemmed sleeves and hem at the bottom of the skirt can be used for civ colour identification bands. Two metal rings above the elbows on each arm. The breast has a scaled armour plate 'vest' strapped over the shirt part of the tunic and chain mail skirt below. Gains a bronze breastplate when upgraded to Ultimate rank.
    • Shield: Caetra, small shield.
    • Helmet: No headgear for basic unit, crested spine for advanced, plumed horsehair for Ultimate; see concept drawing below.
    • Figure(s): -
  • History: The Caetrati (sing. Caetratus) were the most numerous and well known of all Iberian soldiers. They were non-professional multi-purpose light infantry that operated far outside the normal bounds for such. Much of the fame of the Caetrati was derived from their skill, ferocity, and resilience in battle. The name of these men comes from the Latin term 'caetra', the Roman name for the small buckler the Caetrati used in conjunction with their falcata sabers.
  • “They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave in front, and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs (for it has neither arm-rings nor handles). Besides these shields they have a dirk or a butcher's-knife. Most of them wear linen cuirasses; a few wear chain-wrought cuirasses and helmets with three crests, but the rest wear helmets made of sinews. The foot-soldiers wear greaves also, and each soldier has several javelins; and some also make use of spears, and the spears have bronze heads.” – Estrabon.
  • Garrison: 1.
  • Function: -
  • Special: Iberian Steel.

• Generic Name: Scutarius
• Specific Name: Ezkutari
  • Class: Spearman.
  • Armament: Spear having a broad point at the front end and smaller iron tip at the butt end.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Identical to Caetrati in general but with some heavier armor to represent their veteran status and higher standing.
    • Shield: Large oval shield (scutum,ezkutu). See the Celts for shield design inspiration.
    • Helmet: Same as Caetrati.
    • Figure(s): -
  • History: If the Caetrati operated as the Iberians' all-purpose light infantry, then the Scutarii (sing. Scutarius) operated as all-purpose medium infantry. The Scutarii were the older and more experienced Iberian warriors, forming the professional core of many Iberian armies. Like their lighter cousins, the Scutarii were famed for their versatility and the Iberian spirit. Their name is derived for the Latin term 'scutum', the Roman name for the large oval shields carried by the Scutarii which they used in much the same manner as Roman infantry.
  • Garrison: 1.
  • Function: -
  • Special: -

• Generic Name: Caetratus Lusitani
• Specific Name: Lusitano Sunian
  • Class: Javelinist Skirmisher.
  • Armament: Sunian (call “Soliferum” by romans).
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Basic tunic is of cream-coloured cloth with short-sleeved shirt. Hemmed sleeves and hem at the bottom of the skirt can be used for civ colour identification bands. Two metal rings above the elbows on each arm. The breast has a scaled armour plate 'vest' strapped over the shirt part of the tunic and chain mail skirt below. Gains a bronze breastplate when upgraded to Ultimate rank.
    • Shield: Round buckler (caetra). Shield design should be largely geometric or animal design.
    • Helmet: No headgear for basic unit, crested spine for advanced, plumed horsehair for Ultimate; see concept drawing below.
    • Figure(s): -
  • History: The Caetrati (sing. Caetratus) were the most numerous and well known of all Iberian soldiers. They were non-professional multi-purpose light infantry that operated far outside the normal bounds for such. Much of the fame of the Caetrati was derived from their skill, ferocity, and resilience in battle. The name of these men comes from the Latin term 'caetra', the Roman name for the small buckler they carried. The Caetrati Lusitani were much the same way, but more skilled in skirmish and ambush tactics.
  • Garrison: 1.
  • Function: -
  • Special: Elite form throws flaming javelins.

• Generic Name: Lusitanian Slinger
• Specific Name: Habailari
  • Class: Slinger.
  • Armament: Three slings and sling bolt pouch; see concept drawing below.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Same basic tunic as Caetrati: Cream-coloured cloth with short-sleeved shirt. Hemmed sleeves and hem at the bottom of the skirt can be used for civ colour identification bands.
    • Shield: None.
    • Helmet: None at any experience level.
    • Figure(s): Barefoot; nothing on body to restrict movement.
  • History: The Iberian Peninsula is literally littered with stone, ceramic, and leaden sling bolts at archeological sites, so evidence suggests that slingers were a common enough unit that they are tribal generic. While it is a popular notion that Balearic Slingers, possibly the best in the ancient world, were 'Hispanic' because the islands now belong to modern day Spain, they are a Carthaginian unit relative to the times. Iberian slingers carry 3 slings like those of the Balearic. Slings were among the most widespread ranged weaponry on the Peninsula, second only to the Iberian javelin.
  • Garrison: 1.
  • Function: Relatively cheap. Quick rate of fire. Fastest infantry unit. Their agility makes up to some extent for their lack of armour.
  • Special: -

CAVALRY

• Generic Name: Lusitanian Lancer
• Specific Name: Lantzari
  • Class: Cavalry Spearman
  • Armament: Iberian spear.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Basic garb is same as Caetrati, cream colored short sleeve tunic. Hemmed sleeves and hem on the bottom of the "skirt" for civ color band. On Advanced gains the distinct Iberian mail shirt with a disk plate hung over the breast by harness straps. On Elite gains Celtic iron ring-mail.
    • Shield: Caetra.
    • Helmet: Basic: ridge helmet, Advanced: Horse-hair plume helmet, Elite: Montefortino helmet with plume.
    • Figure(s): -
    • Mount: Typically a fine horse of mid stature as they were raised on the Iberian Peninsula; They decorated them with spirals of woven wool multi-coloured 'rosettes' affixed to top side and front of bridle and woven-fringed neck and breast bands as marks of their special pride in the animals.
  • History: The Lusitanian cavalry was renowned as the best of the old world, able to climb the most steepest slopes, Pliny said: "the Lusitanian mares were impregnated by the wind Zephyrus". The Lusitanian horses were trained to "go down" in order to be better hidden ambushes in which armed enemies. Taking the enemy by surprise as lay in ambush, 2 riders a single horse, when he jumped and went to fight on foot, and to then return quickly to evade the battlefield, in this interregnum the horse stood still waiting for her knight back.
  • Garrison: 2.
  • Function: -
  • Special: Iberian Steel.

SUPPORT UNITS

• Generic Name: Lusitanian Woman
• Specific Name: Benia.
  • Class: Female Citizen.
  • Armament: None.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Various; see concept drawings below.
    • Shield: None.
    • Helmet: No helmet per se. May or may not have headgear as depicted in concept drawings below.
    • Figure(s):
  • History: The Lusitanian women were trained along with the men for war and were responsible for the defense of forts. In many cases, they fought side by side with men.
  • Garrison: 1.
  • Function: -
  • Special: -

• Generic Name: Priestess of Ataekina
• Specific Name: Emakumezko Apaiz de Ataekina
  • Class: Healer.
  • Armament: None.
  • Appearance: See concept drawing & pic below.
    • Garb: See pic below.
    • Shield: None.
    • Helmet: See headdress in concept drawing below.
    • Figure(s): See concept drawing & pic below.
  • History: To the best of our knowledge, only one 'temple'-like structure has been found on the Iberian Peninsula dating from the times and the Iberians worshiped their pantheon of gods at small home altars; however, a very special sculptured head and torso was found in a farmer's field around the turn of the 20th century of a personage who was obviously someone of great substance. As the two principal gods, of the many worshiped, were male Endovellikos and female Ataekina, we thought it would be nice to adopt The Lady of Elche as our priestess-healer representing Ataekina. We know from archelogy and the Romans that Ataekina was associated with spring, the changing of seasons, and nature in general. Ataekina also seems to have been associated with the cycle of birth-death-rebirth.
  • Garrison: 1.
  • Function: -
  • Special: "Fede" Aura.

• Generic Name: Merchant
• Specific Name: Merkatari
  • Class: Trader.
  • Armament: None.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Colourful tunic, trousers in the checkered 'Celtic style', and boots.
    • Shield: None.
    • Helmet: Big 'floppy' hat to keep the sun and rain off.
    • Figure(s): Typical of Iberian male. Only one figure, riding on a seat at the yoke of the wagon.
    • Mount: Trade wagon pulled by two oxen of the auroch cattle type. Put together the parts as shown below.
  • History: It is not known exactly what 'vehicles' might have been used for trading, except that the Iberians did a lot of overland trading by land amongst themselves and some with people to the north of the Pyrenees, and that wagons and carts were known and used for something; it stands to reason they would have been used in commerce.
  • Garrison: 2.
  • Function: -
  • Special: -

NAVY

• Generic Name: Fishing Boat
• Specific Name: Arrantza Ontzi
  • Class: Fishing Ship.
  • Appearance:
    • Shell: -
  • History: There is still much unknown about fishing among the Iberians. We do know that fishing was very important in Iberia, and many modern day fishing villages share the same site with ancient Iberian fishing villages.
  • Garrison: Cannot.
  • Garrison Capacity: 1; support, infantry
  • Function: Gathering: Only method of collecting meat from fish.
  • Special: -

• Generic Name: Trading Ship
• Specific Name: Merkataritza Itsasontzi
  • Class: Merchantman.
  • Armament: (Standard).
  • Appearance:
    • Shell: This is a knock-off for the ship that I want modeled for the Carthaginians to be skinned and statted somewhat differently. It will have solid sides rather than that lateral opening below the shield line. The vertical bands separating the shields are to be iron bands placed to strengthen the hull and should show bolts in the bands. See the pic immediately below for a basis.
  • History: The Iberians, especially along the western and northwestern coasts of the peninsula, had been trading by sea with peoples in North Africa, Western Europe along the coast of Gaul and the British Isles by boat well back into the 2nd millennium BC. As such, their ships were very seaworthy, crossing stretches of the Atlantic Ocean (while they are not known to have traded by sea in the Mediterranean). Though the Carthaginians came along around the beginning of the 1st millennium and co-opted much of that trade, along with the Greeks in the Mediterranean, with 'better ships', they still would have influenced the seafaring peoples who built the 'high sided sailing vessels' along the Atlantic Seaboard. So it is not such a stretch to specify a good strong sailing ship for Iberians that can be used as either a merchant trading vessel or a quasi-war fighting transport of units.
  • Garrison: Cannot.
  • Function: High hitpoints (very strong and highly armoured hull; sea ram resistant).
  • Special: -

SIEGE

• Generic Name: Battle Ram
• Specfic Name: Ahariburu
  • Class: Ram.
  • Armament: (Standard).
  • Appearance:
    • Shell: See notes below.
  • History: It is not known if any of the Iberians culture tribes used rams; the unit is added to the civ roster for gameplay purposes.
  • Garrison: 3.
  • Function: -
  • Special: -

CHAMPION UNITS

• Generic Name: Devotio
• Specific Name: Leial Ezpatari
  • Class: Champion Infantry Unit.
  • Melee Armament: Falcata or Espasa sword.
  • Ranged Armament: Saunion
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: - Same tunic as with all other Iberian war units, the so-called Iberian national costume according to Polybios. Armor similar to the Scutarius and the Iberian Lancer.
    • Shield: A round 'Caetra' slightly larger in diameter than the Citizen Soldier units carry; has raised centre boss depicting the head of a wolf.
    • Helmet: See concept drawing.
    • Figure(s): See concept drawing.
  • History: 'The Devotio (the devoted,loyal) were experienced veterans of 'foreign wars'. They served as mercenaries for other nations and having lived to return to their own where they assumed a position close to the chief or king. Their relationship was similar to that of feudal knights during the later Middle Ages. Their name derives from Latin rendering of the sacred oath these warriors took.
  • evocation of the funeral Viriato, occurred in 132 BC and described in the second century of the Christian era by Greek writer Appiano: "Now therefore having the Lusitanians dress magnificently Viriato's inert body, burned on a pyre highest and sacrificed her many victims, running to the wheel, and armed platoons, headed it praises the way Lusitanian and until the pyre was extinguished after several days, were all around him. Freshly that was the funeral, were celebrated melee combat, until they fell by the hundreds over the grave. many were warriors they wished to die with honor and follow your head in addition. Such was longing Viriato stopped himself. "
  • Garrison: 1.
  • Function: Strong against siege weapons, all Citizen Soldier units but additionally bonused against Infantry Spearman & Cavalry Spearman. Weak against Infantry Archer & Cavalry Archer.
  • Special: -

• Generic Name: Devotio Cavalry
• Specific Name: Leial Zalduneria / Krābis Markāro.
  • Class: Champion Cavalry Unit.
  • Melee Armament: Lancer or Bipenne.
  • Ranged Armament: Lusitanian Spearman
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Iberian national costume. Armor should be identical to the Iberian Lancer.
    • Shield: A caetra brought back.
    • Helmet: montifortino helmet with mask(búcula).
    • Figure(s): See concept drawing.
    • Mount: Identical to Iberian Lancer.
  • History: The Lusitanian, who accompanied the war a chief were united by a religious, social, and military, legal and moral bond, which the Romans called "devotio".
    
    The Krābis were knights who formed the personal guard of the Lusitanian leaders. They were bound by religious oaths of loyalty to his boss to death, fact praised by Julius Caesar. When his boss died, killed each other in ritual combat as part of funeral rites so that they could accompany him to the afterlife.
  • Garrison: 2.
  • Function: Flaming javelin gives a siege capability to these Champion cavalry units.
  • Special: -

HEROES

• Generic Name: Viriato
• Specific Name: Same
  • Class: Hero1.
  • Armament: Falcata sword.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Typical Iberians tunic. Fine mesh chain mail over clothing, belted. Animal pelt cape.
    • Shield: A round 'Caetra' slightly larger in diameter than the Citizen Soldier units carry; has raised centre boss depicting the head of a lion.
    • Helmet: Is sort of beehive shaped; has a horsehair plume that descends down from the back of the top of the beehive..
    • Figure(s): See centre figure in two figures immediately below.
  • History: Viriato, like Vercingetorix amongst the Gauls, was the most famous of the Iberian tribal war leaders, having conducted at least 7 campaigns against the Romans in the southern half of the peninsula during the 'Lusitani Wars' from 147 to 139 BCE. He surfaced as a survivor of the treacherous massacre of 9,000 men and the selling into slavery of 21,000 elderly, women, and children of the Lusitani. They had signed a treaty of peace with the Romans, conducted by Servius Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania Ulterior, as the 'final solution' to the Lusitani problem. He emerged from humble beginnings in 151 BCE to become war chief of the Lusitani. He was intelligent and a superior tactician, never really defeated in any encounter (though suffered losses in some requiring retreat). He succumbed instead to another treachery arranged by a later Roman commander, Q. Servilius Cepio, to have him assassinated by three comrades that were close to him.
  • Garrison: 1.
  • Function: Strong AT, high AR, high HP.
  • Special: "Hero" Aura: "Tactica Guerilla".

• Generic Name: Púnico.
• Specific Name: Same
  • Class: Hero2.
  • Armament: Falcata sword.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: See pic below for basis, except that will wear boots instead of sandals.
    • Shield: Bronzed iron Caetra wound shield with animal head motif on the boss.
    • Helmet: Smooth rounded bronze as shown.
    • Figure(s):
    • Mount: The typical Lusitanian horse with armour but also having in addition to the multi-coloured woolen floral looking rosettes on the bridle more decorative trappings across the breast and in the bridle of the horse, a bell hanging at the throat.

History: In 154 BC The Punic Warlord Lusitano, Lusitano raised against the Romans defeating an army of 15,000 Roman men, killing those 6000. Once incorporated the Vettones his army and assaulted several Phoenician cities on the southern coast of the Iberian allies of Rome, having been killed by a stone and soon succeeded by Kaisaros.

• Garrison: 2.
• Function: A strong high AT, high AR, high HP, cavalry unit having a special aura.
• Special: "Hero" Aura: "Tactica Guerilla".

• Generic Name: Kaisaros
• Specific Name: Same
  • Class: Hero3.
  • Armament: Falcata sword and Spear.
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: The only picture of a statue rendition we have shows him hardly dressed (1st reference below), but we will show him much like the Edetano soldier in the second reference drawing below.
    • Shield: See 2nd reference pic below.
    • Helmet: See 2nd reference pic below..
    • Figure(s): See 2nd reference pic below.
    • Mount: See 2nd reference pic below.
  • History: Kaisaros succeeded Púnico ahead of Lusitanian. The Romans alarmed by the defeat imposed by Púnico, sent an expedition of 14,000 men, of whom 9000 Kaisaros slaughter. Taking the Roman insignia and showing with his hands, urging Kaisaros Iberian populations to rise up against Rome, the Vaceos join the insurrection.
  • Garrison: 2.
  • Function: High AT, high AR, high HP.
  • Special: "Hero" Aura: "Tactica Guerrilla".

NEW UNIT TRAITS

• "Fede" Aura: Effect: Replaces "Heal" Aura. Health regeneration rate is twice that of the normal Aura; simulates the Iberians' penchant for dying or committing suicide rather than surrender.
• Flaming Javelin: Effect: Once the player researches the 'Falarica del Fuego' Special Technology, the unit gains the ability to set fire to enemy units and structures as well as effect pierce damage when striking targets.
• Iberian Steel: Iberian steel in swords was the best in the world at the time, so this unit has a relatively higher attack factor than any other civ's swordsmen. Effect: +1 AT.
• "Hero" Aura: "Tactica Guerrilla": The Iberians were singularly well known for their use of guerrilla war tactics and the concept of fighting in this fashion came from them; the word itself being derived from medieval Spanish. Time and time again they sucked their enemies into ambuscades. Effect: The Hero and any units grouped with him are invisible to enemies when idle or moving. They will only become visible when performing an action, such as attacking an opponent. Furthermore, invisible units (like units concealed in forests) aren't considered when determining if a player has been wiped off the map.

CIV CENTRE UNITS

• Melee Infantry: Caetratus (Infantry Swordsman).
• Ranged Infantry: Lusitanian Caetratus(Infantry Skirmisher).
• Cavalry: Iberian Lancer (Cavalry Spear).

FORBIDDEN CLASSES

• Infantry Archer. (while bow and arrows were used for hunting they were not used for warfare)
• Cavalry Swordsman. (could have, but removed to 'cripple' the civ slightly as it is otherwise strong in units except for archers)
• Cavalry Archer. (see remark for Infantry Archer)
• Bireme. (no warship naval capability)
• Trireme. (no warship naval capability)
• Quinquereme. (no warship naval capability)
• Onager. (no sophisticated siege weaponry)
• Ballista. (no sophisticated siege weaponry)

STRUCTURE DESCRIPTIONS

VILLAGE

• Generic Name: Civic Centre
• Specific Name: Oppidum / Treba
  • Class: Civic Centre.
  • History: The Oppidum, plural Oppida, has a long history in the Iberian Peninsula. They were walled towns, dating back to even before the time period of the game and expanding greatly during it. They were usually built upon heights for better defensive purposes but sometimes right out on the plains, especially in the east where there may not have been heights at desirable locations near meandering rivers. This concept drawing is derived from an actual archeological site that has been excavated in the northeast of Spain having belonged to the Ilergete tribe as shown in the figure below and from the virtual reconstruction of the site at the museum located adjacent to it.

• Generic Name: Barracks
• Specific Name: Kaserna
  • Class: Barracks.
  • History: To the best of our knowledge, the Iberians did not have standing armies in the sense that we know of them elsewhere or of today, it is doubtful that they had specific structures designated as military centres; however as a game construct we show a modest structure wherein military related activities take place. The early Iberians may have possessed something akin to a military centre in that the quarters of the warrior aristocracy was walled off from the rest of the city. But these distinctions eased over time and war eventually came to encompass all levels of Iberian society. In addition the Iberian approach to war varied across the Peninsula and so the kind of force gathered depended on location. This could vary from tribal and clan levies, a sort of feudal system, citizen armies similar to the Hellene city-states, to warrior aristocrats and mercenaries.

• Generic Name: House
• Specific Name: Tegos
  • Class: House.
  • Notes: It would be nice to have some housing for Iberians done in the Spanish style, if possible, then house 'types' just randomly selected during the progression of a game session. Note in the bottom-most example that the house on the right has a roof line fall that is incompatible with good architectural practice and would not have been so constructed by the practical homeowner even back then. Its orientation is such that any rainfall would run right over 'his' front door ... so one needs to be redone in such a manner that the roof incline directs water away from the front of the house. Also, in the concept drawing for the Oppida, it shows the Iberians houses being endowed with tiled roofs that is the convention that we've adopted as being typical to most of Iberia and for most of the structures of the civ. Also, that the adobe walls would have been plastered and 'whitewashed' for all but the most humble or neglected of abode, so it is the opinion of the author that if these models are to be used in the game that they need to be redone accordingly.
  • History: Iberians structures of the time were typically built either entirely of stone or with stone stub walls with 'adobe' raising them on up to the roof lines above them. Roofs were then, depending on the economic status of individuals, covered with a composite of mud and binding vegetable and waterproofing asphaltic materials, or slate stone, or in many cases in the region, with so-called Spanish roofing tiles.

• Generic Name: Farmstead
• Specific Name: Woiksla (PIE)
  • Class: Farmstead.
  • History: The Woiksla is adopted as being a farm centre that would typically house more than a single family, or an extended family, involved in all manner of agricultural pursuit required of the times.

• Generic Name: Field
• Specific Name: Soro
  • Class: Field.
  • History: 'Soro' is a Basque term for a field for the growing of food. In historical terms, the Iberians tended to growing grains and vegetables, including a variety of roots, greens and artichokes (large blue thistle-like flower-heads), grape vines, and fruit trees ranging from the olive and fig to the apple. The Iberian Peninsula was an agricultural surplus area.

• Generic Name: Corral
• Specific Name: Halis
  • Class: Corral.
  • History: Corrals have been utilised by people husbanding animals since 'time immemorial'; the Iberians mostly built stone-walled corrals so that is how they need to be depicted in the game. The Iberians kept cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses in their corrals.

• Generic Name: Mill
• Specific Name: Ola
  • Class: Mill.
  • History: There was no such thing as an Iberians mill during the time frame although there may have been camps. However as a game construct we show one to serve purpose of supporting lumbering and mining operations.

• Generic Name: Iberian Tower
• Specific Name: Tursis (PIE)
  • Class: Scout Tower.
  • History: The Iberian Tower is rather unique for its time and the bases for its construction have been derived of extensive archeological and paleontological investigations by university faculty members in Spain at sites of which one of the principal is that located near the village of Aldea de Centenario at some distance south-southeast of Madrid. These towers were quite large, high and stonework monolithic as shown; being cylindrical lent them added strength. They were initially built at mountain passes to control access through them or on high places to provide overview and defense of surrounding terrain. They may have also been used as 'toll stations' along trading routes. Sometimes they were even built 'right out in the middle of nowhere' on the flat lands, but always with the idea of defensively controlling terrain. In time, many of these towers became a central feature in the Oppida or Castros that grew up around them because of their ideally situated locations, or they were made integral with the walls of growing town sites. Whether located in an isolated spot or integrated into a populated place, they were ideally suited to their purpose during the time frame of the game.
  • Special: Mini-Fort Strongpoint.

TOWN

• Generic Name: Dock
• Specific Name: Kai
  • Class: Kala
  • History: No one really knows how ancient 1st millennium Iberian Peninsular docks or ports looked, though they were probably pretty simple affairs having but a short pier, if even that. However, for the purposes of creating a structure in the game and because the Phoenicians and Carthaginians had such broad influence on the peninsula for a half millennium before the time frame of the game, we have chosen to model something similar to the inner port centre at Carthage, with typical Iberians architectural applications applied to it. The largest port that was strictly Iberian, though said to have been founded by the Greeks (defaulting to the resident Iberians when Greek merchants were blocked by Carthage from further trading into the western Mediterranean), was probably only that of Saguntum (and possibly Emporion) on the eastern coast of Spain referred to as the Spanish Levant.

• Generic Name: Temple
• Specific Name: Nemedon.
  • Class: Temple.
  • Notes: Construction materials applied to the structure sketch are chosen to more accurately reflect the building practices prevalent at the time period of 0 A.D., including the tiling of the roofs. If the virtual representation of the Tartessian temple accurately reflects building practices on the Iberian Peninsula as far back as around 900 B.C. to which it is dated, then the Iberians in some places developed pretty sophisticated civilization and advanced architectural techniques that were contemporary to any other Mediterranean area civ of the time, though most of their cities may not have been as large.
  • History: The Iberian tribes did not typically worship their gods at temples, but there has been a single instance in which the remains of an ancient Tartessian temple has been unearthed in Andalusia in southern Spain. The Iberians for the most part worshiped their gods at small household votive altars in their homes or sometimes at smallish monuments to them in the outdoors. Their two principal gods (though they are also known to have had many others) were Endovellikos, as the male represented by a boar, and Ataekina, the female counterpart as represented by a goat. We have chosen to depict these two gods by statuary in the typical vein of the times, mounted atop the pillars at the entrance to the temple, Ataekina on the right and Endovellikos on the left.

• Generic Name: Blacksmith
• Specific Name: <?>
  • Class: Blacksmith.
  • History: The Iberians were known to produce the finest iron and steel implements and weapons of the age.

• Generic Name: Marketplace
• Specific Name: Merkatu
  • Class: Market.
  • History: The trade centres or marketplaces of the Iberians may have in fact been no more than folks gathering about in a plaza during certain days of the week or month in order to exchange goods. As a game construct we show a modest building where trading and purchasing goods for sale may take place.

• Generic Name: Wide Wall
• Specific Name: Ande-ratis
  • Class: Wall.
  • History: High and strongly built defensive stone walls were a common structure of the Iberian Peninsula during the period, and for long thereafter.

• Generic Name: Lusitanian Tower
• Specific Name: Tursis
  • Class: Tower.
  • (Attributes identical to Scout Tower; re-used again for this purpose.)

• Generic Name: Double Gate
• Specific Name: Trebam Durom
  • Class: Gate.
  • Special:
  • Note: The concept comes from archeologist and paleontologist descriptions of the remains of such gates at various locations scattered about the Iberian Peninsula, though the interpretation from such documents is the author's, reinforced by the knowledge of 0 A.D. team's historian, Professor Alejandro Carneiro of La Coruna, Spain.
  • History: One of the central attributes of the Iberians civ is that it was a highly defensive one that constantly gave the Carthaginians trouble in their bid to conquer the peninsula (which they never really did) and took the Romans another 200 years to subdue, along with incredibly large cumulative loss of Roman soldier's lives. Doubled gates of this kind have been found incorporated into walls surrounding Iberian villages, Oppidum, and fortresses, and Castros. It presents rather formidable aspects with its 4 towers, 2 gates, and a courtyard-like interior wherein enemy forces could become entrapped between the two gates, combined with a monolithically strong stone structure.
    • Garrison: 20 ranged troops.
    • Elevation Bonus.

CITY

• Generic Name: Castro
• Specific Name: Brix
  • Class: Fortress.
  • History: The Castro can be likened to a more strongly fortified town centre than that of the common Oppidum which were also fortified places of habitation. As such it was widely and normally constructed upon a height, and almost always had some sort of an acropolis built at the highest point within its towered walls. In the archeological record of the Iberian Peninsula, the remnants of as many as a thousand fortified places identifiable as Castros can be found in modern day Portugal alone.
  • Special: Rocky Height.

SPECIAL STRUCTURES

• Generic Name: Revered Monument
• Specific Name: Gur Oroigarri
  • Class: SB1.
  • History: The Iberians were a religious people who built small monuments to their various gods. These monuments could also serve as family tombs.
  • Requirements: Must be built within the player's territory.
  • Phase: City.
  • Special: Defensive Aura - Gives all Iberian units within LOS of the monument a 10-15% attack boost. Build Limit - Only 5 may be built per map and their effects to not overlap.

NEW STRUCTURE TRAITS

• Mini-Fort Strongpoint: Effects: Can garrison up to 10 units, either infantry or cavalry. Larger than other towers, both at base and in height. Has double the hitpoints of other towers. Elevation bonus.
• Rocky Height: Perched upon a rocky height, with a 20% increase in elevation. Effects: Larger footprint than normal Fortress. Additional +1 RA bonus.

FORBIDDEN STRUCTURES

(none)

CIV BONUSES

• CB1
  • Name: Harritsu Leku
  • History: With exception to alluvial plains and river valleys, stone is abundant in the Iberian Peninsula and was greatly used in construction of structures of all types.
  • Effect: The Iberian player starts the match with a powerful prefabricated circuit of stone walls.

• CB2
  • Name: Zaldi Saldoa
  • History: Not unlike Numidia in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula was known as 'horse country', capable of producing up to 100,000 new mounts each year.
  • Effect: Horses can be captured in the wild and placed in the corral. Unlike normal corralled animals that generate food, the corralled horse functions similarly to a relic as in Age of Mythology: As long as it/they remain(s) in the corral, the resource cost of training horse-mounted units (cavalry) is reduced by a fixed amount of -5% per animal corralled.

TEAM BONUS

• TB1
  • Name: Saripeko
  • History: The Iberians were long known to provide mercenary soldiers to other nations to serve as auxiliaries to their armies in foreign wars. Carthage is the most well known example, and we have evidence of them serving in such a capacity in Aquitania.
  • Effect: For allies, infantry and cavalry citizen-soldier skirmishers -50% cost (does not apply to champions also armed with the javelin).

TECHNOLOGIES

• Infantry: Above average, most standard except no archer peculiar; strong swordsmen and javelinists.
• Cavalry: Above average, most standard except no archer peculiar; strong swordsmen and javelinists.
• Naval: No warship specific techs as has no warships, Merchantman, seamanship & garrisoning upgrades only.
• Siege: Below average engines, mediocre for land ram & siege ram upgrade, no other engines; Citizen Soldier Javelinists have a sieging capability by S T Falarica del Fuego.
• Economy: (above average)
  • Farming: Strong, all standard to include animal husbandry.
  • Mining: Strong, all standard plus bonused for stone (CB) and ore (metal) (ST).
  • Lumbering: Below average, nothing special.
  • Hunting: Average.
  • Land Trade: Average, most applicable domestic or international.
  • Naval Trade: Average (except that Merchantman ship is ‘toughest’ in game).
• Architecture: (very strong)
• Defenses: Very strong, all, bonused by SBs.

SPECIAL TECHNOLOGIES

• ST1
  • Name: Suzko Txabalina
  • History: Iberian tribesmen were noted for wrapping bundles of grass about the shafts of their throwing spears, soaking that in some sort of flammable pitch, then setting it afire just before throwing.
  • Effect: Unlocks the flaming component attributed to javelin-armed units; causes targets struck to become inflamed and lose hitpoints at a constant rate until and if either healed or repaired, as appropriate.

• ST2
  • Name: Maisu Burdina Langileak
  • History: The Iberians were known to produce the finest iron and steel implements and weapons of the age.
  • Effect: Metal costs for units and technologies reduced by 50%.

[Ardworix]

• Generic Name: Devotio Cavalry
• Specific Name: Krābis Markāro.
  • Class: Champion Cavalry Unit.
  • Melee Armament: Lancer or Bipenne.
  • Ranged Armament: Lusitanian Spearman
  • Appearance:
    • Garb: Iberian national costume. Armor should be identical to the Iberian Lancer.
    • Shield: A caetra brought back.
    • Helmet: montifortino helmet with mask(búcula).
    • Figure(s): See concept drawing.
    • Mount: Identical to Iberian Lancer.
  • History: The Lusitanian, who accompanied the war a chief were united by a religious, social, and military, legal and moral bond, which the Romans called "devotio".

    The Krābis were knights who formed the personal guard of the Lusitanian leaders. They were bound by religious oaths of loyalty to his boss to death, fact praised by Julius Caesar. When his boss died, killed each other in ritual combat as part of funeral rites so that they could accompany him to the afterlife.

  • Garrison: 2.
  • Function: Flaming javelin gives a siege capability to these Champion cavalry units.
  • Special:
  • the drawing is based on a coin Emeritus contained a dagger in his back, one montifortino helmet adorned with this kind of "elk antler" and one bippene. Note that the drawing is not in the mask (buccula) out, what would be interesting to portray.
  • 

[Radagast.]

Good progress. Highly structured.

If you are familiar with Github then we could start. I have still my difficulties as to which culture group to add the Lusitanians to. It seems they are most often called Proto-Celts (European-NorthAfrican Neolithics) who somehow intermangled with their conquerors like when the Celts moved there from the 2014AD-Czech-Germany location to the Iberian peninsula and the Cimbri (Germanic tribe from Northern Europe who conquered those).

Thus the proper culture group is difficult. In general I really feel we should finally fully abolish this hard-coded civilization, it's just never been like this as factions appeared, intermarried, disappeared, merged, exchanged, ... and this starting from times where the continents were yet shaped completely differently.

Adding them to the Celts or Iberians until we have fully worked out how solve this intermangling issue in a hopefully elegant way but yet keep the historical authenticity (i.e. no simulation of intermangling or at least only limited and guided intermangling to get the same result as real history).

The way of life (culture group) may be grouped as distant Suebi-related too. To keep factions of equal or similar way of life in one repository is my goal as those might easily reuse artwork of other factions who have had a (similar) lifestyle.

Total War Discussion

---

A consequence of the above arguments is that the Lusitanians we want to model fit into the timerange when those already declined (Hannibal's War against Roman Republic, thus the faction has to go into the 0AD Addon package which dates from 500BC..500AD).

Do you have a clue as of when the Lusitanians were at their height. It's difficult to tell anyways as there were many foreign warlords controlling them even when they helped Hannibal with mercenaries. (Source: above discussion + its linked sources.)

all these discussions about ethnic origins (are) rather pointless. It all depends on some unobtainable level of ethnic purity that has never and will never exist, combined with a knowledge of history only someone with tens of thousands of years of personal experience could have. Every group today likes to think they have some sort of easily defined "genetic inheritance" of the land.

Truth is there is no ethnic origin. Tribes migrate, they conquer or are conquered, they intermarry, they absorb other cultures or other groups absorb their culture, and it all starts over again. And only a praction of a percent of it has ever been recorded.

To suggest as this forums's resident portugese poster does, that the lusitanians sprung from the very earth of iberia fully formed, is ridiculous.

Another reasonable faction if we added the Lusitanians seem to be the Gallaeci:

Easy, guys, easy... No sense to speak here of Spain or Portugal (modern stuff).

Lusitanians: modern south Portugal and parts of central-west modern Spain: megalithics tribes, proto-celts with tartessic (pre-celts), celt-iberians and lately suebics influences.

Galaics: NW Iberian peninsula, modern autonomous community of Galicia (with the official status of a nationality): megalithics tribes, celts, suebics and britons.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Prehispanic_languages.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi

...

For the Hannibal DLC notes, please CA:

"The fact that the Gallaeci did not adopt writing until the first contacts with the Roman Empire makes the study of history before the first contacts with Romans impossible.[citation needed] However, early allusions to this people are present in ancient Greek and Latin authors prior to the conquest, which allows the reconstruction of a few historical events of this people since the second century BC.[citation needed]

Thanks to Silius Italicus, it is known that between the years 218 and 201 BC, during the Second Punic War, some Gallaecian troops were involved in the fight in the ranks of Carthaginian Hannibal against the Roman army of Scipio Africanus. Also Silius Italicus added a short description of the Gallaecian contingent and their curious military tactics:

“ […] Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem flammarum misit dives Gallaecia pubem, barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis, nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra ad numerum resonas gaudentem plauder caetras […]

Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in the knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames, now howling barbarian songs in the tongues of their homelands, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous shields. ”

After Silius Italicus, Appian of Alexandria mentioned in his book Iberiké, the first military conflict known between Gallaeci and Romans. In it, Appian narrates the events that occurred during the Lusitanian War (155-139 BC), mentioning that this last year (139 BC), after being cheated by the Lusitanian chief (Viriatus) the Quintus Servilius Caepio's army devastated few Gallaecian and Vettonian regions. The attack on these Southern Gallaecian peoples, probably in the modern Alto Douro (modern North of Portugal), near the border with Vettones, had a character of punishment, due to the Gallaecian support to Lusitanians."

---

I wonder if the Elk antler hadn't rather been a real world one instead of being artificially made as drawn in the sketch. It's difficult to see on the coin. The picture looks nice though.

Note that the drawing is not in the mask (buccula) out, what would be interesting to portray.

I beg your pardon what does 'not in the mask' mean? The bucula is not shown in the image? So we have to add it to the helmet's 3D model? (once we model it)

Edited May 31, 2014 by Hephaestion

[Radagast.]

Okay, I forgot essential information to prevent confusion:

The special information I demanded + the culture group concerns are not of importance for you and your Lusitanian 500..1BCE faction (0AD timeframe).

It fits the 0AD scheme of a pitched battle of the most evolved or involved civilizations perfectly.

So don't worry. (the worries of culture group + peak time + .. I will clarify and are only relevant for another project I am working on which is more like a time machine. For now this is not relevant as I have to soften the civilization tagging anyway.).

Next step for the Lusitanian faction to come alive and get playable ingame is by researching more concepts + references and to find a unique scheme for their buildings and units which is consistent and nevertheless historical accurate.

That's a hard nut. Once we have the identity, I can start modeling.

https://github.com/0ADMods/Lusitanians

[Ardworix]

The Lusitanians are Indo-Europeans, their language betrays that. On the language of the ancient Lusitanian:

"According to my opinion, this is a Celtic branch (possibly before the split between goidels and Britons, and a third or branch) of an archaic type" - Armanda Pita (1999: 260-263).

Recent DNA analyzes show that the atlanto-Western populations are descended from northwestern Iberia, for it is said that these populations are proto-Celtic.

"If the Ice Age glacial advance forced the Palaeolithic Europeans to seek shelter from climate in places such as the Atlantic Lands End of NW Iberia, Finisterre [...] The subsequente climate change and ice retreat allowed the people sttled for such along period in the Atlantic coast of Iberia to return to Europe."

Edited May 31, 2014 by Ardworix

[Ardworix]

The period of "Lusitanian Wars" (the pinnacle of civilization so to speak) is 200 to 19 before Christ.

Note: Just for information, before this period, the Lusitanians took part in the armies of Hannibal in the Punic Wars, and before as mercenaries with the Spartans against Athens.

Edited May 31, 2014 by Ardworix