Carthage has the stone mining bonus of 25% listed 3 times, but also has a bonus saying that stone mining upgrades are free despite not having any stone mining upgrades apparently

Well, if you click on the hero icon at the top left of the screen, it does the same thing.

This is tracked here.

Sure. It pretty straightforward for those. Teutobod = *þeudō (people, tribe) + *budô (voice, message, command) = Þeudōbudô Lugius = *Lugi- (of the Lugii) + *-jaz (equivalent to Latin name ending in -ius) = Lugijaz Boiorix = *Bajā-/*Boio- (of the Boii) + *-rīks (king) = Bajārīks 

eae They are Iberian mercenaries, I don't see any problems. The patch was meant to differentiate the mercenaries a bit.