As always, you don't understand my point. I'm not criticizing the primary source, but rather the fact that you're mindlessly parroting the opinion expressed in a few dictionaries without realizing that there's an obvious circular reasoning behind the argument.  An appeal to authority is a form of reasoning that asserts that an argument is true solely because an influential or reputable person says so. As I've shown you, there are plenty of other researchers, articles, and academic works that don't share your opinion. I don't care if this or that researcher said this or that, what interests me is understanding what their arguments are and what reasoning lies behind them. Again this appeal to authority without any critical thinking... Old English (OE) was a spoken language from the 5th to the 12th century. Obviously, a dictionary of Old English will include all the uses and definitions of a word for the entire period covered by that language. That does not mean that all the definitions existed at the same time from the very beginning of the language. I can't believe I have to explain this. Why did you specifically choose to quote this passage from the article? How is it relevant? Why did you deliberately ignore the rest of the excerpt, which explains that this is a lexical shift? As always, I am astounded by the bad faith you’re displaying. It is dishonest to have deliberately truncated the full excerpt attributed to Ekwall. Here is the complete quote from the article: "The meanings 'homestead' and 'village' must have arisen at an early date as shown among other things by the numerous names in -tūn, even -ingatum found in Normandy and the Boulogne district and apparently due to early Saxon colonization in the district. Saxons are mentioned here by Gregory of Tours in the 6th century. Saxons became "permanent settlers" in northern and western Gaul" It is immediately apparent that the meaning is not the same. This reflects both the semantic shift toward the meanings of "homestead" and "village", which, according to Ekwall, emerged early on without distinguishing between the two.  This is evident in the rest of the article following the quote, as all the examples of place names given are ambiguous; they could refer to a farm, an estate, or a hamlet. This uncertainty still exists in current dictionaries, such as The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names (2004), where the difficulty of interpreting one definition or another based on place names is clearly explained: "tūn OE ‘enclosure, garden, field, yard; farm, manor; homestead dwelling, house mansion; group of houses, village, town’. Cognate with OFris, OSax, ON tūn, OHG zūn, G Zaun ‘fence’, OIr dūn ‘fort’, Gaulish dūnon in place-names in -dunum, and OE tӯnan ‘hedge in, fence, enclose, shut’ < *tūn-j-an from Gmc *tūna- ‘fence’. From this basic sense in English developed the meaning ‘place fenced in’ and in place-names the senses ‘enclosure, farmstead, estate and village’ are all in question. Because of this uncertainty in this dictionary the translation is frequently the non-committal ‘settlement’ or ‘farm or village’. Although tūn is already found as a place-name forming element before 730 its period of greatest frequency is in the centuries thereafter. Its main use seems, in fact, to coincide with the period of the break-up of large unitary estates due to land-grants made out of them by kings, noblemen and bishops to individuals of the thegnal class. It is these individuals, it is thought, whose personal names are so often compounded with tūn in the names of English villages, implying manorial overlordship rather than founding fathership and tillage of the soil. It is for this reason that names such as KIRTLINGTON or KNAYTON are normally translated ‘the estate called after Cyrtel(a)’ and ‘Cengifu’s estate’ respectively. PNE ii.188–98, Signposts 177–85, Kluge-Seebold 806." Your document contains the following statement: "With the exception of Britain and southern Upper Germany, the roadside settlement was the commonest-occurring type of small town in the northern frontier provinces." So, in the British context, this does not seem to apply. Furthermore, your document makes no mention whatsoever of any connection to the word "competum". You’re simply assuming that because towns sprang up near crossroads, this necessarily means that the word "competum" once meant "village". That’s a stretch, and I don’t find it convincing.  Please address my second point regarding the glossary that equates competum with villa (farm), þingstōw (place of assembly), and þrop. Here: It would be nice if you'd stop dodging the arguments that contradict you. Okay, then let's try to assume for a moment that this thoughtless statement is true.  How do we explain the indisputable fact that the word þurpą and its derivatives in other Germanic languages also very frequently refer to isolated farm buildings? The usage referring to a farm has persisted in most Germanic languages. You're suggesting that the root of this word already referred to a village even before the emergence of the Germanic languages. So how can we reconcile such an ancient meaning with the fact that the Germanic languages have retained the meaning of "farm" for this word and its derivatives ? Your main argument is that you consider Gothic to be an anomaly in this particular word, that in the case of the Gothic language, the original meaning of "village" has been lost. But if we compare it with other Germanic languages, that is not really the case. It is therefore more plausible that, on the contrary, the meaning "village" was acquired later. In the Proto-Indo-European studies, the root *treb- is generally reconstructed to mean "to build, to dwell".  From a strict historical-comparative perspective, linking Proto-Germanic *þurpą directly to the Proto-Indo-European root *treb- ("to build, to dwell") is methodologically problematic and far from universally accepted. Guus Kroonen is contesting this link for example. Phonetically, deriving *þurpą from *treb- requires accounting for an unexpected voiceless stop (*p) where a voiced aspirate or plain voiced stop (*b / *bʰ) would regularily be expected under Grimm's Law, often forcing scholars to lean on secondary morphological extensions, ablaut irregularities, or substrate borrowing hypotheses. Furthermore, several Indo-Europeanists suggest that *þurpą may belong to an entirely different etymological family, such as terms associated with a fenced enclosure, an outlying field, or a secondary clearing (compare with Balto-Slavic terms for courtyards or folds which seem to derive from *twer- / *tur-), rather than the house-and-dwelling semantic core represented by *treb-. Therefore, treating *þurpą as an unproblematic cognate of the *treb- paradigm relies on forced etymological equations that ignore the existence of a debate and the lack of consensus.

Is there any easy way to edit a hugo website?

@ShadowOfHassen my Janitor Gang mate, I'm on your site!

This update adds a new rating system and a few chat commands to the team balancer. New rating system: “OpenSkill (results + statistics)” The old system (OpenSkill) only counts wins and losses. The new one also uses three statistics from each player’s past games: resources spent, enemy units killed value and buildings lost value. In my 2026 games it picked the winner 66% of the time, against 60% for results only. Choose it under Options > Rating system. I watched the leader board and I agreed with this ranking way more. Chat commands /balance: tries every team split and picks the one closest to 50/50, moving as few players as possible. /suggest: up to two single-player swaps that would make the current teams more even (3v3 and 4v4). /suggestteams: alternative team layouts (4v4). /evaluate: player rankings and an assessment of the current teams. /rate ffm 2000: rate ffm manually 2000 for that game and pairing only. /rebuild: re-rates all games, including newly downloaded ones. /about: information about the mod. Typical use with Replay Pallas Once everyone has joined your game setup, type /pallasandrebuild. It downloads up to 10 missing games for each player with few games (about a minute) and updates the ratings, so /balance already works. The remaining games then download in the background. If they change the balance by 5 points or more, you’re told to run /balance again. Without that command, you can do the same by hand: /pallas, wait for the downloads, /rebuild, then /balance. If you only want a small change instead of a full reshuffle, use /suggest. RangerK's changes got merged. LocalRatings_Teambalancer.zip

Buenos días o tardes. -Siguiendo con la creación de mapas europeos: (Adivinen a que lugares hacen alusión)     Disculpen las molestias*