Ardworix

"All the mountaineers lead a simple life, are water-drinkers, sleep on the ground, and let their hair stream down in thick masses after the manner of women, though before going into battle they bind their hair about the forehead. The shield of which use is small, with only two feet in diameter, the front side is concave;. Bring the drop to the neck by a lanyard, do not see one with clamps or buckles They set up with a dagger or sword . Most have linen breastplates; others, but in small numbers, using mail and the triple summit helmet;. in general helmets are leather Pedestrians also have leather gaiters, and each takes many long darts in hand;. some serve up spears with bronze tip [...] All the men wear black, and telling the truth, do not leave your Sagos making use of them as blankets in their dry straw beds :. these robes, like those of the Celts, are made of coarse wool or goat hair Women only wear robes and colored dresses made of crossed wire ". - Strabo, Geography, Book III. "They use iron spears, swords and helmets and use as the Celtiberians. They use rough black robes made of wool, such as goat hair. Some of them are armed with light shields Gauls, others with Sketon as big as shields and use greaves on his legs made of coarse hair and bronze helmets on their heads, adorned with red feathers. They carry two-edged swords exactly seasoned with steel, and have daggers beside a long period, they do use in upcoming fights. "- Diodorus Siculus - Book V, Britain, Gaul and Iberia.

The current Iberian faction, basically follows a structural aesthetics of celtiberians buildings with Iberian costumes. Recalling that the Iberian peninsula is divided into 3 major groups: 1. Proto-Celts (Galician-Lusitanian); 2. Celtiberos; and 3. Iberians. The Lusitanians were the greatest and most powerful of the Iberian nations and that more time resisted the Roman arms. In what was called "Lusitanian War", with Viriato, the Lusitanian chief, never having been defeated by the Romans.

As you already mentioned, Strabo says the Lusitanian is designated Galician. "the most of the Lusitanians are called Callaicans." - Strabo. However the greatest war waged against the Romans in the Iberian designated by the classic historiography, it was designated "Lusitanian Wars", getting the name.

Castro Monzinho: Notice within the central enclosure where there are no houses, as in the castro are Cibrão, this area was intended to Druidic and enclosures housing the local chief. The same occurs in other forts such as Briteiros. Citânia Sanfins:

Castro (Hillfort) de São Cibrão (ancient Lancobriga).

Description of Lusitanians by Diodoro Sículo and Estrabon: Diodoro Sículo: "Those they call Lusitanians are the most valiant of all the Cimbri. These, in, times of war, carry little targets made of bowel strings, so strong and firm, as completely to guard and defend their bodies. In fights they manage these, so nimbly whirling them about here and there, that with a great deal of art they avoid and repel every dart that is cast at them. They use hooked saunians made all of iron, and wear swords and helmets like to those of the Celtiberians.: They wear black rough cassocks made of wool, like to goat's hair. Some of them are armed with the Gaulish light shields, others with bucklers as big as shields, and wear greaves about their legs made of rough hair, and brazen helmets upon their heads, adorned with red plumes. They carry two-edged swords exactly tempered with steel, and have daggers beside, of a span long, which they make use of in close fights. They make weapons and darts in an admirable manner; for they bury plates of iron so long under ground, till the rust hath consumed the weaker part, and so the rest becomes more strong and firm. Of this they make their swords and other warlike weapons; and with these arms, thus tempered, they so cut through every thing in their way, that neither shield, helmet, nor bone can withstand them. And because they are furnished with two swords, the horse, when they have routed the enemy, alight and join with the foot, and fight to admiration. They throw their darts at a great distance, and yet are sure to hit their mark, and wound deeply: being of active and nimble bodies, they can easily fly from, or pursue their enemy, as there is occasion : but when they are under hardships, they cannot endure near so much as the Celtiberians." Estrabon: " [...] the Lusitanians, it is said, are given to laying ambush, given to spying out, are quick, nimble, and good at deploying troops. They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave in front, and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs (for it has neither arm-rings nor handles). Besides these shields they have a dirk or a butcher's-knife. Most of them wear linen cuirasses; a few wear chain-wrought cuirasses and helmets with three crests, but the rest wear helmets made of sinews. The foot-soldiers wear greaves also, and each soldier has several javelins; All the men dress in black, for the most part in coarse cloaks, in which they sleep, on their beds of litter."

"In time of war they march observing-time and measure; and sing the paeans when they are just ready to charge the enemy" - Diodorus Siculus.

Salve!

Initial Sketches: Tegos (house).

Lusitanians Warships: In what became known as "War Sertorius,"(80 a 72 A.D.) Quintus Sertorius was that according to Plutarch The Roman Major after Caesar, Sertorius was exiled to North Africa, when the decline of the Roman Republic, assailed by the Oligarchy. With the death of Viriathus, the Lusitanians were seeking Sertorius to lead them against Rome and liberate their homeland. Sertorius saw it as an opportunity to defeat the Roman Oligarchy and accepts lead them. Arriving at the Lusitania, the Lusitanians Sertório structure within the Roman conception of the regular army, sending concomitant build a navy of war. Plutarch reports that Sertorius defeated Cotta a naval battle near Mellaria. Bireme. Trireme.

The "structure" is "Iberic" and "celtiberic" 2 of 3 heroes are Iberic, only Viriatus is Lusitanian. However the some weapons and cloth are common, the description of the Lusitanian by Strabo says the use of linen cloth. "Most of Them wear linen cuirasses, a few wear cuirasses and helmets wrought-chain with three crests, but the rest wear helmets made ​​of sinews The foot - soldiers wear greaves Also, and each soldier has several javelins;. Also and some make use of spears, and the spears have bronze heads. "- Strabon. It is also worth mentioning the use of Black Covers: "and let their hair down stream in thick masses after the Manner of women, though before going into battle They bind Their hair about the forehead. [....] All the men dress in black, for the most part in coarse cloaks, In which . They Sleep, on beds of litter Their and They use waxen vessels, just as the Celts But the women always go clad in long gowns and mantles gay-colored. "-. Strabon.

"Corocotta", was a heroi of Cantabra War. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corocotta However it is debatable inclusion of Cantabros as Celtiberian, the current trend of archeology is to classify them as Celts. Corocotta is always celebrated as one of the greatest exponents of Cantabra War.

I wonder if the Elk antler hadn't rather been a real world one instead of being artificially made as drawn in the sketch. It's difficult to see on the coin. The picture looks nice though. I beg your pardon what does 'not in the mask' mean? The bucula is not shown in the image? So we have to add it to the helmet's 3D model? (once we model it) About the Suevi, they reached only to the end of the Roman Empire from 409 to 585 After Christ, is a historical period long after the "Lusitanian Wars". About mask (buccula), would have to attach to the helmet.

Generic Name: Caetratus Specific Name: Ezpatari Class: Swordsman. Armament: Falcata sword of antenna. Appearance: Garb: Basic tunic is of cream-coloured cloth with short-sleeved shirt. Hemmed sleeves and hem at the bottom of the skirt can be used for civ colour identification bands. Two metal rings above the elbows on each arm. The breast has a scaled armour plate 'vest' strapped over the shirt part of the tunic and chain mail skirt below. Gains a bronze breastplate when upgraded to Ultimate rank. Shield: Caetra, small shield. Helmet: No headgear for basic unit, crested spine for advanced, plumed horsehair for Ultimate; see concept drawing below. Figure(s): - History: “They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave in front, and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs (for it has neither arm-rings nor handles). Besides these shields they have a dirk or a butcher's-knife. Most of them wear linen cuirasses; a few wear chain-wrought cuirasses and helmets with three crests, but the rest wear helmets made of sinews. The foot-soldiers wear greaves also, and each soldier has several javelins; and some also make use of spears, and the spears have bronze heads.” – Estrabon. Garrison: 1. Function: - Special: Iberian Steel.

I thought this statue as a monument: I thought this statue as a monument: It was in the Castro, between the outer and inner wall. Apparently it was a funerary monument to a hero or chief highlighted.

Generic Name: House Specific Name: Tegos Class: House. Notes: History: Tegos, em formato circular com paredes de pedra, coberto por palha, algumas com uma pequena varanda na entrada.

Generic Name: Civic CentreSpecific Name: TrebaClass: Civic Centre. History: Treba was the house of the lineage, the political-territorial unit which extendia agricultural land area. Was located in the Castro (Brix). Model Citânia Sanfins rectangular format: View inside the Citânia Sanfins: Panoramic view:

The period of "Lusitanian Wars" (the pinnacle of civilization so to speak) is 200 to 19 before Christ. Note: Just for information, before this period, the Lusitanians took part in the armies of Hannibal in the Punic Wars, and before as mercenaries with the Spartans against Athens.

The Lusitanians are Indo-Europeans, their language betrays that. On the language of the ancient Lusitanian: "According to my opinion, this is a Celtic branch (possibly before the split between goidels and Britons, and a third or branch) of an archaic type" - Armanda Pita (1999: 260-263). Recent DNA analyzes show that the atlanto-Western populations are descended from northwestern Iberia, for it is said that these populations are proto-Celtic. "If the Ice Age glacial advance forced the Palaeolithic Europeans to seek shelter from climate in places such as the Atlantic Lands End of NW Iberia, Finisterre [...] The subsequente climate change and ice retreat allowed the people sttled for such along period in the Atlantic coast of Iberia to return to Europe."

Generic Name: Devotio CavalrySpecific Name: Krābis Markāro.Class: Champion Cavalry Unit. Melee Armament: Lancer or Bipenne. Ranged Armament: Lusitanian Spearman Appearance:Garb: Iberian national costume. Armor should be identical to the Iberian Lancer. Shield: A caetra brought back.Helmet: montifortino helmet with mask(búcula). Figure(s): See concept drawing. Mount: Identical to Iberian Lancer. History: The Lusitanian, who accompanied the war a chief were united by a religious, social, and military, legal and moral bond, which the Romans called "devotio".The Krābis were knights who formed the personal guard of the Lusitanian leaders. They were bound by religious oaths of loyalty to his boss to death, fact praised by Julius Caesar. When his boss died, killed each other in ritual combat as part of funeral rites so that they could accompany him to the afterlife. Garrison: 2. Function: Flaming javelin gives a siege capability to these Champion cavalry units. Special: the drawing is based on a coin Emeritus contained a dagger in his back, one montifortino helmet adorned with this kind of "elk antler" and one bippene. Note that the drawing is not in the mask (buccula) out, what would be interesting to portray.

Description of the Lusitanian: “Lusitania, is the greatest of the Iberian nations, and is the nation against which the Romans waged war for the longest times. (...) They entered into combat dropping songs warriors, doing a great din and shouting and waving hair to infuse terror tapping his feet on the ground the shields and swords at a war scream full of ardor and enthusiasm (...) the Lusitanians, it is said, are given to laying ambush, given to spying out, are quick, nimble, and good at deploying troops. They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave in front, and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs (for it has neither arm-rings nor handles). Besides these shields they have a dirk or a butcher's-knife. Most of them wear linen cuirasses; a few wear chain-wrought cuirasses and helmets with three crests, but the rest wear helmets made of sinews. The foot-soldiers wear greaves also, and each soldier has several javelins; and some also make use of spears, and the spears have bronze heads. and let their hair stream down in thick masses after the manner of women, though before going into battle they bind their hair about the forehead. [….]All the men dress in black, for the most part in coarse cloaks, in which they sleep, on their beds of litter. And they use waxen vessels, just as the Celts do. But the women always go clad in long mantles and gay-coloured gowns.” – Strabon. “Those they call Lusitanians are the most valiant of all the Cimbri. These, in, times of war, carry little targets made of bowel strings, so strong and firm, as completely to guard and defend their bodies. In fights they manage these, so nimbly whirling them about here and there, that with a great deal of art they avoid and repel every dart that is cast at them. They use hooked saunians(javelin of all iron “soliferrum”) made all of iron, and wear swords and helmets like to those of the Celtiberians. They throw their darts at a great distance, and yet are sure to hit their mark, and wound deeply: being of active and nimble bodies, they can easily fly from, or pursue their enemy, as there is occasion : but when they are under hardships, they cannot endure near so much as the Celtiberians. In time of war they march observing-time and measure; and sing the paeans when they are just ready to charge the enemy The Iberians, especially the Lusitanians, are singular in one thing that they do; for those that are young and pressed with want, but yet are strong and courageous. get together upon the tops of the mountains, and furnish themselves with arms; and having made up a considerable body, make incursions into Iberia, and heap up riches by thieving and robbery; and this is their constant practice in despite of all hazard whatsoever; for being lightly armed, and nimble of foot, they are not easily surprised. And indeed steep and craggy mountains are to them as their natural country, and to these they fly for shelter, because there is no way in those places for great armies to pass. And therefore though the Romans often set upon them, and in some measure have curbed them, yet they were never able wholly to put an end to their thieving and robbing.” – Diodorus Siculus. UNIT DESCRIPTIONS INFANTRY Generic Name: CaetratusSpecific Name: EzpatariClass: Swordsman. Armament: Falcata sword of antenna. Appearance: Garb: Basic tunic is of cream-coloured cloth with short-sleeved shirt. Hemmed sleeves and hem at the bottom of the skirt can be used for civ colour identification bands. Two metal rings above the elbows on each arm. The breast has a scaled armour plate 'vest' strapped over the shirt part of the tunic and chain mail skirt below. Gains a bronze breastplate when upgraded to Ultimate rank. Shield: Caetra, small shield.Helmet: No headgear for basic unit, crested spine for advanced, plumed horsehair for Ultimate; see concept drawing below. Figure(s): - History: The Caetrati (sing. Caetratus) were the most numerous and well known of all Iberian soldiers. They were non-professional multi-purpose light infantry that operated far outside the normal bounds for such. Much of the fame of the Caetrati was derived from their skill, ferocity, and resilience in battle. The name of these men comes from the Latin term 'caetra', the Roman name for the small buckler the Caetrati used in conjunction with their falcata sabers. “They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave in front, and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs (for it has neither arm-rings nor handles). Besides these shields they have a dirk or a butcher's-knife. Most of them wear linen cuirasses; a few wear chain-wrought cuirasses and helmets with three crests, but the rest wear helmets made of sinews. The foot-soldiers wear greaves also, and each soldier has several javelins; and some also make use of spears, and the spears have bronze heads.” – Estrabon.Garrison: 1. Function: - Special: Iberian Steel. Generic Name: Scutarius Specific Name: EzkutariClass: Spearman. Armament: Spear having a broad point at the front end and smaller iron tip at the butt end. Appearance: Garb: Identical to Caetrati in general but with some heavier armor to represent their veteran status and higher standing. Shield: Large oval shield (scutum,ezkutu). See the Celts for shield design inspiration. Helmet: Same as Caetrati. Figure(s): - History: If the Caetrati operated as the Iberians' all-purpose light infantry, then the Scutarii (sing. Scutarius) operated as all-purpose medium infantry. The Scutarii were the older and more experienced Iberian warriors, forming the professional core of many Iberian armies. Like their lighter cousins, the Scutarii were famed for their versatility and the Iberian spirit. Their name is derived for the Latin term 'scutum', the Roman name for the large oval shields carried by the Scutarii which they used in much the same manner as Roman infantry. Garrison: 1. Function: - Special: - Generic Name: Caetratus LusitaniSpecific Name: Lusitano SunianClass: Javelinist Skirmisher. Armament: Sunian (call “Soliferum” by romans). Appearance: Garb: Basic tunic is of cream-coloured cloth with short-sleeved shirt. Hemmed sleeves and hem at the bottom of the skirt can be used for civ colour identification bands. Two metal rings above the elbows on each arm. The breast has a scaled armour plate 'vest' strapped over the shirt part of the tunic and chain mail skirt below. Gains a bronze breastplate when upgraded to Ultimate rank. Shield: Round buckler (caetra). Shield design should be largely geometric or animal design. Helmet: No headgear for basic unit, crested spine for advanced, plumed horsehair for Ultimate; see concept drawing below. Figure(s): - History: The Caetrati (sing. Caetratus) were the most numerous and well known of all Iberian soldiers. They were non-professional multi-purpose light infantry that operated far outside the normal bounds for such. Much of the fame of the Caetrati was derived from their skill, ferocity, and resilience in battle. The name of these men comes from the Latin term 'caetra', the Roman name for the small buckler they carried. The Caetrati Lusitani were much the same way, but more skilled in skirmish and ambush tactics. Garrison: 1. Function: - Special: Elite form throws flaming javelins. Generic Name: Lusitanian SlingerSpecific Name: HabailariClass: Slinger. Armament: Three slings and sling bolt pouch; see concept drawing below. Appearance: Garb: Same basic tunic as Caetrati: Cream-coloured cloth with short-sleeved shirt. Hemmed sleeves and hem at the bottom of the skirt can be used for civ colour identification bands. Shield: None. Helmet: None at any experience level. Figure(s): Barefoot; nothing on body to restrict movement. History: The Iberian Peninsula is literally littered with stone, ceramic, and leaden sling bolts at archeological sites, so evidence suggests that slingers were a common enough unit that they are tribal generic. While it is a popular notion that Balearic Slingers, possibly the best in the ancient world, were 'Hispanic' because the islands now belong to modern day Spain, they are a Carthaginian unit relative to the times. Iberian slingers carry 3 slings like those of the Balearic. Slings were among the most widespread ranged weaponry on the Peninsula, second only to the Iberian javelin. Garrison: 1. Function: Relatively cheap. Quick rate of fire. Fastest infantry unit. Their agility makes up to some extent for their lack of armour. Special: - CAVALRY Generic Name: Lusitanian LancerSpecific Name: LantzariClass: Cavalry Spearman Armament: Iberian spear. Appearance: Garb: Basic garb is same as Caetrati, cream colored short sleeve tunic. Hemmed sleeves and hem on the bottom of the "skirt" for civ color band. On Advanced gains the distinct Iberian mail shirt with a disk plate hung over the breast by harness straps. On Elite gains Celtic iron ring-mail. Shield: Caetra. Helmet: Basic: ridge helmet, Advanced: Horse-hair plume helmet, Elite: Montefortino helmet with plume. Figure(s): - Mount: Typically a fine horse of mid stature as they were raised on the Iberian Peninsula; They decorated them with spirals of woven wool multi-coloured 'rosettes' affixed to top side and front of bridle and woven-fringed neck and breast bands as marks of their special pride in the animals. History: The Lusitanian cavalry was renowned as the best of the old world, able to climb the most steepest slopes, Pliny said: "the Lusitanian mares were impregnated by the wind Zephyrus". The Lusitanian horses were trained to "go down" in order to be better hidden ambushes in which armed enemies. Taking the enemy by surprise as lay in ambush, 2 riders a single horse, when he jumped and went to fight on foot, and to then return quickly to evade the battlefield, in this interregnum the horse stood still waiting for her knight back.Garrison: 2. Function: - Special: Iberian Steel. SUPPORT UNITS Generic Name: Lusitanian WomanSpecific Name: Benia.Class: Female Citizen. Armament: None. Appearance: Garb: Various; see concept drawings below. Shield: None. Helmet: No helmet per se. May or may not have headgear as depicted in concept drawings below. Figure(s): History: The Lusitanian women were trained along with the men for war and were responsible for the defense of forts. In many cases, they fought side by side with men.Garrison: 1. Function: - Special: - Generic Name: Priestess of AtaekinaSpecific Name: Emakumezko Apaiz de AtaekinaClass: Healer. Armament: None. Appearance: See concept drawing & pic below. Garb: See pic below. Shield: None. Helmet: See headdress in concept drawing below. Figure(s): See concept drawing & pic below. History: To the best of our knowledge, only one 'temple'-like structure has been found on the Iberian Peninsula dating from the times and the Iberians worshiped their pantheon of gods at small home altars; however, a very special sculptured head and torso was found in a farmer's field around the turn of the 20th century of a personage who was obviously someone of great substance. As the two principal gods, of the many worshiped, were male Endovellikos and female Ataekina, we thought it would be nice to adopt The Lady of Elche as our priestess-healer representing Ataekina. We know from archelogy and the Romans that Ataekina was associated with spring, the changing of seasons, and nature in general. Ataekina also seems to have been associated with the cycle of birth-death-rebirth. Garrison: 1. Function: - Special: "Fede" Aura. Generic Name: MerchantSpecific Name: MerkatariClass: Trader. Armament: None. Appearance: Garb: Colourful tunic, trousers in the checkered 'Celtic style', and boots. Shield: None. Helmet: Big 'floppy' hat to keep the sun and rain off. Figure(s): Typical of Iberian male. Only one figure, riding on a seat at the yoke of the wagon. Mount: Trade wagon pulled by two oxen of the auroch cattle type. Put together the parts as shown below. History: It is not known exactly what 'vehicles' might have been used for trading, except that the Iberians did a lot of overland trading by land amongst themselves and some with people to the north of the Pyrenees, and that wagons and carts were known and used for something; it stands to reason they would have been used in commerce. Garrison: 2. Function: - Special: - NAVY Generic Name: Fishing BoatSpecific Name: Arrantza OntziClass: Fishing Ship. Appearance:Shell: - History: There is still much unknown about fishing among the Iberians. We do know that fishing was very important in Iberia, and many modern day fishing villages share the same site with ancient Iberian fishing villages. Garrison: Cannot. Garrison Capacity: 1; support, infantry Function: Gathering: Only method of collecting meat from fish. Special: - Generic Name: Trading ShipSpecific Name: Merkataritza ItsasontziClass: Merchantman. Armament: (Standard). Appearance: Shell: This is a knock-off for the ship that I want modeled for the Carthaginians to be skinned and statted somewhat differently. It will have solid sides rather than that lateral opening below the shield line. The vertical bands separating the shields are to be iron bands placed to strengthen the hull and should show bolts in the bands. See the pic immediately below for a basis. History: The Iberians, especially along the western and northwestern coasts of the peninsula, had been trading by sea with peoples in North Africa, Western Europe along the coast of Gaul and the British Isles by boat well back into the 2nd millennium BC. As such, their ships were very seaworthy, crossing stretches of the Atlantic Ocean (while they are not known to have traded by sea in the Mediterranean). Though the Carthaginians came along around the beginning of the 1st millennium and co-opted much of that trade, along with the Greeks in the Mediterranean, with 'better ships', they still would have influenced the seafaring peoples who built the 'high sided sailing vessels' along the Atlantic Seaboard. So it is not such a stretch to specify a good strong sailing ship for Iberians that can be used as either a merchant trading vessel or a quasi-war fighting transport of units. Garrison: Cannot. Function: High hitpoints (very strong and highly armoured hull; sea ram resistant). Special: - SIEGE Generic Name: Battle RamSpecfic Name: AhariburuClass: Ram. Armament: (Standard). Appearance: Shell: See notes below. History: It is not known if any of the Iberians culture tribes used rams; the unit is added to the civ roster for gameplay purposes. Garrison: 3. Function: - Special: - CHAMPION UNITS Generic Name: DevotioSpecific Name: Leial EzpatariClass: Champion Infantry Unit. Melee Armament: Falcata or Espasa sword. Ranged Armament: Saunion Appearance: Garb: - Same tunic as with all other Iberian war units, the so-called Iberian national costume according to Polybios. Armor similar to the Scutarius and the Iberian Lancer. Shield: A round 'Caetra' slightly larger in diameter than the Citizen Soldier units carry; has raised centre boss depicting the head of a wolf. Helmet: See concept drawing. Figure(s): See concept drawing. History: 'The Devotio (the devoted,loyal) were experienced veterans of 'foreign wars'. They served as mercenaries for other nations and having lived to return to their own where they assumed a position close to the chief or king. Their relationship was similar to that of feudal knights during the later Middle Ages. Their name derives from Latin rendering of the sacred oath these warriors took. evocation of the funeral Viriato, occurred in 132 BC and described in the second century of the Christian era by Greek writer Appiano: "Now therefore having the Lusitanians dress magnificently Viriato's inert body, burned on a pyre highest and sacrificed her many victims, running to the wheel, and armed platoons, headed it praises the way Lusitanian and until the pyre was extinguished after several days, were all around him. Freshly that was the funeral, were celebrated melee combat, until they fell by the hundreds over the grave. many were warriors they wished to die with honor and follow your head in addition. Such was longing Viriato stopped himself. "Garrison: 1. Function: Strong against siege weapons, all Citizen Soldier units but additionally bonused against Infantry Spearman & Cavalry Spearman. Weak against Infantry Archer & Cavalry Archer. Special: - Generic Name: Devotio CavalrySpecific Name: Leial Zalduneria / Krābis Markāro.Class: Champion Cavalry Unit. Melee Armament: Lancer or Bipenne. Ranged Armament: Lusitanian Spearman Appearance:Garb: Iberian national costume. Armor should be identical to the Iberian Lancer. Shield: A caetra brought back.Helmet: montifortino helmet with mask(búcula). Figure(s): See concept drawing. Mount: Identical to Iberian Lancer. History: The Lusitanian, who accompanied the war a chief were united by a religious, social, and military, legal and moral bond, which the Romans called "devotio". The Krābis were knights who formed the personal guard of the Lusitanian leaders. They were bound by religious oaths of loyalty to his boss to death, fact praised by Julius Caesar. When his boss died, killed each other in ritual combat as part of funeral rites so that they could accompany him to the afterlife.Garrison: 2. Function: Flaming javelin gives a siege capability to these Champion cavalry units. Special: - HEROES Generic Name: ViriatoSpecific Name: SameClass: Hero1. Armament: Falcata sword. Appearance: Garb: Typical Iberians tunic. Fine mesh chain mail over clothing, belted. Animal pelt cape. Shield: A round 'Caetra' slightly larger in diameter than the Citizen Soldier units carry; has raised centre boss depicting the head of a lion. Helmet: Is sort of beehive shaped; has a horsehair plume that descends down from the back of the top of the beehive.. Figure(s): See centre figure in two figures immediately below. History: Viriato, like Vercingetorix amongst the Gauls, was the most famous of the Iberian tribal war leaders, having conducted at least 7 campaigns against the Romans in the southern half of the peninsula during the 'Lusitani Wars' from 147 to 139 BCE. He surfaced as a survivor of the treacherous massacre of 9,000 men and the selling into slavery of 21,000 elderly, women, and children of the Lusitani. They had signed a treaty of peace with the Romans, conducted by Servius Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania Ulterior, as the 'final solution' to the Lusitani problem. He emerged from humble beginnings in 151 BCE to become war chief of the Lusitani. He was intelligent and a superior tactician, never really defeated in any encounter (though suffered losses in some requiring retreat). He succumbed instead to another treachery arranged by a later Roman commander, Q. Servilius Cepio, to have him assassinated by three comrades that were close to him. Garrison: 1. Function: Strong AT, high AR, high HP. Special: "Hero" Aura: "Tactica Guerilla". Generic Name: Púnico.Specific Name: SameClass: Hero2. Armament: Falcata sword. Appearance: Garb: See pic below for basis, except that will wear boots instead of sandals. Shield: Bronzed iron Caetra wound shield with animal head motif on the boss. Helmet: Smooth rounded bronze as shown. Figure(s):Mount: The typical Lusitanian horse with armour but also having in addition to the multi-coloured woolen floral looking rosettes on the bridle more decorative trappings across the breast and in the bridle of the horse, a bell hanging at the throat. History: In 154 BC The Punic Warlord Lusitano, Lusitano raised against the Romans defeating an army of 15,000 Roman men, killing those 6000. Once incorporated the Vettones his army and assaulted several Phoenician cities on the southern coast of the Iberian allies of Rome, having been killed by a stone and soon succeeded by Kaisaros. Garrison: 2. Function: A strong high AT, high AR, high HP, cavalry unit having a special aura. Special: "Hero" Aura: "Tactica Guerilla". Generic Name: KaisarosSpecific Name: SameClass: Hero3. Armament: Falcata sword and Spear. Appearance: Garb: The only picture of a statue rendition we have shows him hardly dressed (1st reference below), but we will show him much like the Edetano soldier in the second reference drawing below. Shield: See 2nd reference pic below. Helmet: See 2nd reference pic below.. Figure(s): See 2nd reference pic below. Mount: See 2nd reference pic below. History: Kaisaros succeeded Púnico ahead of Lusitanian. The Romans alarmed by the defeat imposed by Púnico, sent an expedition of 14,000 men, of whom 9000 Kaisaros slaughter. Taking the Roman insignia and showing with his hands, urging Kaisaros Iberian populations to rise up against Rome, the Vaceos join the insurrection.Garrison: 2. Function: High AT, high AR, high HP. Special: "Hero" Aura: "Tactica Guerrilla". NEW UNIT TRAITS "Fede" Aura: Effect: Replaces "Heal" Aura. Health regeneration rate is twice that of the normal Aura; simulates the Iberians' penchant for dying or committing suicide rather than surrender. Flaming Javelin: Effect: Once the player researches the 'Falarica del Fuego' Special Technology, the unit gains the ability to set fire to enemy units and structures as well as effect pierce damage when striking targets. Iberian Steel: Iberian steel in swords was the best in the world at the time, so this unit has a relatively higher attack factor than any other civ's swordsmen. Effect: +1 AT. "Hero" Aura: "Tactica Guerrilla": The Iberians were singularly well known for their use of guerrilla war tactics and the concept of fighting in this fashion came from them; the word itself being derived from medieval Spanish. Time and time again they sucked their enemies into ambuscades. Effect: The Hero and any units grouped with him are invisible to enemies when idle or moving. They will only become visible when performing an action, such as attacking an opponent. Furthermore, invisible units (like units concealed in forests) aren't considered when determining if a player has been wiped off the map. CIV CENTRE UNITS Melee Infantry: Caetratus (Infantry Swordsman). Ranged Infantry: Lusitanian Caetratus(Infantry Skirmisher). Cavalry: Iberian Lancer (Cavalry Spear). FORBIDDEN CLASSES Infantry Archer. (while bow and arrows were used for hunting they were not used for warfare) Cavalry Swordsman. (could have, but removed to 'cripple' the civ slightly as it is otherwise strong in units except for archers) Cavalry Archer. (see remark for Infantry Archer) Bireme. (no warship naval capability) Trireme. (no warship naval capability) Quinquereme. (no warship naval capability) Onager. (no sophisticated siege weaponry) Ballista. (no sophisticated siege weaponry) STRUCTURE DESCRIPTIONS VILLAGE Generic Name: Civic CentreSpecific Name: Oppidum / TrebaClass: Civic Centre. History: The Oppidum, plural Oppida, has a long history in the Iberian Peninsula. They were walled towns, dating back to even before the time period of the game and expanding greatly during it. They were usually built upon heights for better defensive purposes but sometimes right out on the plains, especially in the east where there may not have been heights at desirable locations near meandering rivers. This concept drawing is derived from an actual archeological site that has been excavated in the northeast of Spain having belonged to the Ilergete tribe as shown in the figure below and from the virtual reconstruction of the site at the museum located adjacent to it. Generic Name: BarracksSpecific Name: KasernaClass: Barracks. History: To the best of our knowledge, the Iberians did not have standing armies in the sense that we know of them elsewhere or of today, it is doubtful that they had specific structures designated as military centres; however as a game construct we show a modest structure wherein military related activities take place. The early Iberians may have possessed something akin to a military centre in that the quarters of the warrior aristocracy was walled off from the rest of the city. But these distinctions eased over time and war eventually came to encompass all levels of Iberian society. In addition the Iberian approach to war varied across the Peninsula and so the kind of force gathered depended on location. This could vary from tribal and clan levies, a sort of feudal system, citizen armies similar to the Hellene city-states, to warrior aristocrats and mercenaries. Generic Name: HouseSpecific Name: TegosClass: House. Notes: It would be nice to have some housing for Iberians done in the Spanish style, if possible, then house 'types' just randomly selected during the progression of a game session. Note in the bottom-most example that the house on the right has a roof line fall that is incompatible with good architectural practice and would not have been so constructed by the practical homeowner even back then. Its orientation is such that any rainfall would run right over 'his' front door ... so one needs to be redone in such a manner that the roof incline directs water away from the front of the house. Also, in the concept drawing for the Oppida, it shows the Iberians houses being endowed with tiled roofs that is the convention that we've adopted as being typical to most of Iberia and for most of the structures of the civ. Also, that the adobe walls would have been plastered and 'whitewashed' for all but the most humble or neglected of abode, so it is the opinion of the author that if these models are to be used in the game that they need to be redone accordingly. History: Iberians structures of the time were typically built either entirely of stone or with stone stub walls with 'adobe' raising them on up to the roof lines above them. Roofs were then, depending on the economic status of individuals, covered with a composite of mud and binding vegetable and waterproofing asphaltic materials, or slate stone, or in many cases in the region, with so-called Spanish roofing tiles. Generic Name: FarmsteadSpecific Name: Woiksla (PIE)Class: Farmstead. History: The Woiksla is adopted as being a farm centre that would typically house more than a single family, or an extended family, involved in all manner of agricultural pursuit required of the times. Generic Name: FieldSpecific Name: SoroClass: Field. History: 'Soro' is a Basque term for a field for the growing of food. In historical terms, the Iberians tended to growing grains and vegetables, including a variety of roots, greens and artichokes (large blue thistle-like flower-heads), grape vines, and fruit trees ranging from the olive and fig to the apple. The Iberian Peninsula was an agricultural surplus area. Generic Name: CorralSpecific Name: HalisClass: Corral. History: Corrals have been utilised by people husbanding animals since 'time immemorial'; the Iberians mostly built stone-walled corrals so that is how they need to be depicted in the game. The Iberians kept cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses in their corrals. Generic Name: MillSpecific Name: OlaClass: Mill. History: There was no such thing as an Iberians mill during the time frame although there may have been camps. However as a game construct we show one to serve purpose of supporting lumbering and mining operations. Generic Name: Iberian TowerSpecific Name: Tursis (PIE)Class: Scout Tower. History: The Iberian Tower is rather unique for its time and the bases for its construction have been derived of extensive archeological and paleontological investigations by university faculty members in Spain at sites of which one of the principal is that located near the village of Aldea de Centenario at some distance south-southeast of Madrid. These towers were quite large, high and stonework monolithic as shown; being cylindrical lent them added strength. They were initially built at mountain passes to control access through them or on high places to provide overview and defense of surrounding terrain. They may have also been used as 'toll stations' along trading routes. Sometimes they were even built 'right out in the middle of nowhere' on the flat lands, but always with the idea of defensively controlling terrain. In time, many of these towers became a central feature in the Oppida or Castros that grew up around them because of their ideally situated locations, or they were made integral with the walls of growing town sites. Whether located in an isolated spot or integrated into a populated place, they were ideally suited to their purpose during the time frame of the game. Special: Mini-Fort Strongpoint. TOWN Generic Name: DockSpecific Name: KaiClass: KalaHistory: No one really knows how ancient 1st millennium Iberian Peninsular docks or ports looked, though they were probably pretty simple affairs having but a short pier, if even that. However, for the purposes of creating a structure in the game and because the Phoenicians and Carthaginians had such broad influence on the peninsula for a half millennium before the time frame of the game, we have chosen to model something similar to the inner port centre at Carthage, with typical Iberians architectural applications applied to it. The largest port that was strictly Iberian, though said to have been founded by the Greeks (defaulting to the resident Iberians when Greek merchants were blocked by Carthage from further trading into the western Mediterranean), was probably only that of Saguntum (and possibly Emporion) on the eastern coast of Spain referred to as the Spanish Levant. Generic Name: TempleSpecific Name: Nemedon.Class: Temple. Notes: Construction materials applied to the structure sketch are chosen to more accurately reflect the building practices prevalent at the time period of 0 A.D., including the tiling of the roofs. If the virtual representation of the Tartessian temple accurately reflects building practices on the Iberian Peninsula as far back as around 900 B.C. to which it is dated, then the Iberians in some places developed pretty sophisticated civilization and advanced architectural techniques that were contemporary to any other Mediterranean area civ of the time, though most of their cities may not have been as large. History: The Iberian tribes did not typically worship their gods at temples, but there has been a single instance in which the remains of an ancient Tartessian temple has been unearthed in Andalusia in southern Spain. The Iberians for the most part worshiped their gods at small household votive altars in their homes or sometimes at smallish monuments to them in the outdoors. Their two principal gods (though they are also known to have had many others) were Endovellikos, as the male represented by a boar, and Ataekina, the female counterpart as represented by a goat. We have chosen to depict these two gods by statuary in the typical vein of the times, mounted atop the pillars at the entrance to the temple, Ataekina on the right and Endovellikos on the left. Generic Name: BlacksmithSpecific Name: <?>Class: Blacksmith. History: The Iberians were known to produce the finest iron and steel implements and weapons of the age. Generic Name: MarketplaceSpecific Name: MerkatuClass: Market. History: The trade centres or marketplaces of the Iberians may have in fact been no more than folks gathering about in a plaza during certain days of the week or month in order to exchange goods. As a game construct we show a modest building where trading and purchasing goods for sale may take place. Generic Name: Wide WallSpecific Name: Ande-ratisClass: Wall. History: High and strongly built defensive stone walls were a common structure of the Iberian Peninsula during the period, and for long thereafter. Generic Name: Lusitanian TowerSpecific Name: TursisClass: Tower. (Attributes identical to Scout Tower; re-used again for this purpose.) Generic Name: Double GateSpecific Name: Trebam DuromClass: Gate. Special: Note: The concept comes from archeologist and paleontologist descriptions of the remains of such gates at various locations scattered about the Iberian Peninsula, though the interpretation from such documents is the author's, reinforced by the knowledge of 0 A.D. team's historian, Professor Alejandro Carneiro of La Coruna, Spain. History: One of the central attributes of the Iberians civ is that it was a highly defensive one that constantly gave the Carthaginians trouble in their bid to conquer the peninsula (which they never really did) and took the Romans another 200 years to subdue, along with incredibly large cumulative loss of Roman soldier's lives. Doubled gates of this kind have been found incorporated into walls surrounding Iberian villages, Oppidum, and fortresses, and Castros. It presents rather formidable aspects with its 4 towers, 2 gates, and a courtyard-like interior wherein enemy forces could become entrapped between the two gates, combined with a monolithically strong stone structure. Garrison: 20 ranged troops. Elevation Bonus. CITY Generic Name: CastroSpecific Name: BrixClass: Fortress. History: The Castro can be likened to a more strongly fortified town centre than that of the common Oppidum which were also fortified places of habitation. As such it was widely and normally constructed upon a height, and almost always had some sort of an acropolis built at the highest point within its towered walls. In the archeological record of the Iberian Peninsula, the remnants of as many as a thousand fortified places identifiable as Castros can be found in modern day Portugal alone. Special: Rocky Height. SPECIAL STRUCTURES Generic Name: Revered MonumentSpecific Name: Gur OroigarriClass: SB1. History: The Iberians were a religious people who built small monuments to their various gods. These monuments could also serve as family tombs. Requirements: Must be built within the player's territory. Phase: City. Special: Defensive Aura - Gives all Iberian units within LOS of the monument a 10-15% attack boost. Build Limit - Only 5 may be built per map and their effects to not overlap. NEW STRUCTURE TRAITS Mini-Fort Strongpoint: Effects: Can garrison up to 10 units, either infantry or cavalry. Larger than other towers, both at base and in height. Has double the hitpoints of other towers. Elevation bonus. Rocky Height: Perched upon a rocky height, with a 20% increase in elevation. Effects: Larger footprint than normal Fortress. Additional +1 RA bonus. FORBIDDEN STRUCTURES (none) CIV BONUSES CB1Name: Harritsu LekuHistory: With exception to alluvial plains and river valleys, stone is abundant in the Iberian Peninsula and was greatly used in construction of structures of all types. Effect: The Iberian player starts the match with a powerful prefabricated circuit of stone walls. CB2 Name: Zaldi SaldoaHistory: Not unlike Numidia in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula was known as 'horse country', capable of producing up to 100,000 new mounts each year. Effect: Horses can be captured in the wild and placed in the corral. Unlike normal corralled animals that generate food, the corralled horse functions similarly to a relic as in Age of Mythology: As long as it/they remain(s) in the corral, the resource cost of training horse-mounted units (cavalry) is reduced by a fixed amount of -5% per animal corralled. TEAM BONUS TB1 Name: SaripekoHistory: The Iberians were long known to provide mercenary soldiers to other nations to serve as auxiliaries to their armies in foreign wars. Carthage is the most well known example, and we have evidence of them serving in such a capacity in Aquitania. Effect: For allies, infantry and cavalry citizen-soldier skirmishers -50% cost (does not apply to champions also armed with the javelin). TECHNOLOGIES Infantry: Above average, most standard except no archer peculiar; strong swordsmen and javelinists. Cavalry: Above average, most standard except no archer peculiar; strong swordsmen and javelinists. Naval: No warship specific techs as has no warships, Merchantman, seamanship & garrisoning upgrades only. Siege: Below average engines, mediocre for land ram & siege ram upgrade, no other engines; Citizen Soldier Javelinists have a sieging capability by S T Falarica del Fuego. Economy: (above average) Farming: Strong, all standard to include animal husbandry. Mining: Strong, all standard plus bonused for stone (CB) and ore (metal) (ST). Lumbering: Below average, nothing special. Hunting: Average. Land Trade: Average, most applicable domestic or international. Naval Trade: Average (except that Merchantman ship is ‘toughest’ in game). Architecture: (very strong) Defenses: Very strong, all, bonused by SBs. SPECIAL TECHNOLOGIES ST1 Name: Suzko TxabalinaHistory: Iberian tribesmen were noted for wrapping bundles of grass about the shafts of their throwing spears, soaking that in some sort of flammable pitch, then setting it afire just before throwing. Effect: Unlocks the flaming component attributed to javelin-armed units; causes targets struck to become inflamed and lose hitpoints at a constant rate until and if either healed or repaired, as appropriate. ST2 Name: Maisu Burdina LangileakHistory: The Iberians were known to produce the finest iron and steel implements and weapons of the age. Effect: Metal costs for units and technologies reduced by 50%.

The Lusitano is an ancient Indo- European language of the Celtic branch, possibly before the division between goidels and bretons or even a third more archaic branch . This is the opinion of linguist Armada Pita: " According to my opinion , this is a Celtic branch (possibly prior to the split between goidels and bretons, or well a third branch) of an archaic type " - Armanda Pita (1999 : 260-263 ) . He knew himself 5 Lusitanian inscriptions in 4 locations, all spelled in the Latin alphabet, carved in stone . What did call attention to these inscriptions is the initial conservation / p / , as seen in PORCOM . The Celtic languages ​​had lost that / p / Initial throughout its evolution : compare yourself with Athir / orc ( Irish Gaelic) and pater / porcum ( Latin) meaning " father" and " pork" , respectively. The presence of the / p / could - explain why being a very primitive Celtic , just prior to the loss of / w / initial language . Not long ago, John T. Koch, analyzing ancient stelae (gravestones with inscriptions in South Lusitanian alphabet) in southern Portugal, Algarve current region, which housed the ancient civilization tartéssica and Conia, concluded that the language South Lusitanian one Celtic language. ( http://www.aemap.ac.uk/publications/jtk/ ) So it has been confirmed that the atlanto-Western peoples of Iberia speak the same common language. The current Portuguese or Galician- Portuguese , according to Robert Omnes (1998 : 247-268 ) professor at the University of Brest states that the Galician - Portuguese substráticos has important elements that determine the Celtic language as a " patois " celto -Latin . View: http://despertadoteusono.blogspot.com.br/2013/02/historia-da-lingua-antes-do-latim.html That said, if it comes to subdivide the current Iberian faction among Lusitanian and Iberian, naturally could adopt the old Gallaic-Lusitanian rebuilt, leaving the Iberians ( themselves ) with the proto-Basque as it has set.

Building´s Names in Gallaic-lusitanian(proto-celtic language), based according the philologist Hyginus Martins: STRUCTURES House: Tegos. Civil Centre: Treba. Defense Tower: Tursis (*PIE) Fortress: Briga or Brixs. Barracks: Rātion. Temple: Nemedon. farm: woikslā. (*PIE) Dock: Kala. Stone Wall: Ande-rātis. Pallisada: Klētā. City Gate: Trebam Durom. *in Proto Indo-europeu.

According to André Pena Granha, archaeologist (http://www.estudosceltas.org/pessoais/andre-pena-granha/andre-pena-granha.html), the Lusitanians be Proto-Celts, belonging to castrexa culture, also called atlantoaxial -Western origin of the megalithic culture of Atlantic-western coast. More information: http://www.calameo.com/read/001292957c64929433ad8 Of all sorts, the Lusitanian Wars are extended from 155 to 139 before christ.