Jump to content

shiraz

Community Members
  • Posts

    7
  • Joined

  • Last visited

Everything posted by shiraz

  1. OK my friends! Give up! I don't want to fight! It was just a suggestion by a PhD. student of Shiraz University & a tour guide of the Persepolis for improving your game! http://www2.shirazu.ac.ir/en/node/3530
  2. Women’s clothing Persian official monuments do not include represen­tations of women; accordingly, little is known of their costume in the Median and Achaemenid periods. There are, however, a few contemporary representations in other contexts: on a textile from Pazyryk (Figure 56; Rudenko, pp. 296-97, pl. 177c), Greco-Persian seals (Figure 57, plate lxi; Gow, pl. X/1-6; Boardman, nos. 854, 879, 891-92, 964), ivory objects (plate lxii, plate lxiii; Amiet, pp. 173ff.; Dentzer, pp. 216ff.), the “Satrap sarcophagus” (plate lxiv; Kleemann, pp. 21-­23), the monuments from Ergili in northwestern Anatolia (Figure 58; Akurgal; Bernard), and small metal vessels (Figure 59; Culican; Gow, p. 137 and n. 14). There are also a few notices by ancient writers. Particularly informative is Ctesias’s reference to the wearing of the sárapis by Parysatis, mother of Artaxerxes II (Hinz, 1969, p. 74, with reference), Herodotus’ testimony (9.109) that Xerxes’s daughter-in-law asked him to give her a robe that his wife had woven for him, and Quintus Curtius’s remark that Darius III “was girt woman-fashion” with “a golden belt” (3.3.17). Indeed, the representations of women show that they usually wore the pleated “court dress” and the voluminous “Ionic” chiton (Gow, p. 137; Dentzer, figs. 7-8; Dalton, pp. xxxiii-xxxiv, and nos. 89, 93, 103, 104). Occasionally, as on some of the Ergili sculptures and the “Satrap sarcophagus,” they wore an overgarment that, like the modern čādor, covered the head and neck (Figure 58, plate lxiv). The face, however, was always uncovered. The hair was often worn in a single plait at the back (plate lxv). By far the best available documentation of women’s dress from the Achaemenid period is the remnants of actual clothing found in the Pazyryk tombs (Rudenko, pp. 91-98), though in that distant region Achaemenid influence may have been consid­erably attenuated and probably reinterpreted. Exca­vated garments include a short cape or caftan (Figure 60) made of squirrel skin with the fur side inward and bordered with a band of black coltskin; it has narrow sleeves decorated with patterns of applied leather pieces (Rudenko, pp. 91-92). Another was a hood (plate lxvi) of a double thickness of fine leather covered in black coltskin and ornamented with rhomboid leather appliqués; it reached to the shoulders (Rudenko, pp. 96ff., pl. 65A). Finally, two pairs of boots were found. One had fine red-leather tops and vamps stitched to soles decorated on the underside with fantastic patterns. The other was soft, knee-high, with broad cuffs of leopardskin, leather vamps, and thick, rigid leather soles ornamented on the underside (Rudenko, pp. 93-96). This curious feature was practical because the wearer “sat with legs arranged so that the heels were turned out,” as is still customary in Central Asia (Rudenko, p. 96). Bibliography: E. Akurgal, “Griechisch-persische Reliefs aus Daskyleion,” Iranica Antiqua 6, 1966, pp. 147-56. P. Amiet, “Les ivoires achéménides de Suse,” Syria 49, 1972, pp. 167-91. B. I. Arakelyan, “Klad serebryanykh izdeliĭ iz Erebuni,” Sovetskaya Arkheologiya, 1971/1, pp. 143-58, cited in P. O. Harper, The Royal Hunter. Art of the Sasanian Em­pire, New York, 1978. W. Bailey, “Ariana,” in Donum Natalicium H. S. Nyberg Oblatum, Uppsala, 1954, pp. 1-16. R. D. Barnett, “Assyria and Iran. The Earliest Representations of Persians,” in Survey of Persian Art, pp. 2997-3007. Idem, “Persepolis,” Iraq 19, 1957, pp. 55-77. P. Beck, “A Note on the Reconstruction of the Achaemenid Robe,” Iranica Antiqua 9, 1972, pp. 116-22. P. Bernard, “Les bas-reliefs gréco-perses de Dascylion à la lumière de nouvelles découvertes,” Revue d’archéologie 2, 1969, pp. 17-28. F. W. von Bissing, “Totenstele eines persischen Grossen aus Memphis,” ZDMG 84, 1930, pp. 226-38. K. Bittel, “Ein persischer Feueraltar aus Kappadokien,” in Satura. Früchte aus der Antiken Welt Otto Weinreich zum 13. März 1951 dargebracht, Baden-Baden, 1952, pp. 15-29. S. Bittner, Tracht und Bewaffnung des persischen Heeres zur Zeit der Achaimeniden, 2nd ed., Munich, 1985. A. D. H. Bivar, “Details and "Devices" from the Sassanian Sculptures,” Oriental Art, N.S. 5/1, 1959, pp. 11-14. Idem, “A Persian Monument at Athens, and Its Con­nections with the Achaemenid State Seals,” in M. Boyce and I. Gershevitch, eds., W. B. Henning Memorial Volume, London, 1970, pp. 43-61. J. Boardman, Greek Gems and Finger Rings, London, 1970. J. Borchhardt, “Epichorische, gräko-persisch beeinflusste Reliefs in Kilikien. Studien zur Kunst an den Satrapenhöfen Kleinasiens,” Istanbuler Mitteilungen 18, 1968, pp. 161-211. A. Bovon, “La représentation des guerriers perses et la notion de barbare dans la 1ère moitié du Ve siècle,” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 87, 1963, pp. 579-602. P. Calmeyer, “Vom Reisehut zur Kaiserkrone B. Stand der archäologischen Forschung zu den iranischen Kronen,” AMI, N.F. 10, 1977, pp. 168-90. J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire, New York, 1983. W. Culican, “Syro-Achaemenian Ampullae,” Iranica Antiqua 11, 1975, pp. 100-12. O. M. Dalton, The Treasure of the Oxus, 3rd ed., London, 1964. M. A. Dandamaev, Persien unter den ersten Achameniden (6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.), tr. H.-D. Pohl, Wiesbaden, 1976. J. M. Dentzer, “Reliefs au banquet dans l’Asie Mineure de Ve siècle av. J. C.,” Revue d’archéologie 2, 1969, pp. 194-224. M. Dieulafoy, L’Acropole de Suse, 2 vols., Paris, 1890-93. C. T. Edmonds, “A Tomb in Kurdistan,” Iraq 1, 1934, pp. 183-92. H. von Gall, “Persische and medische Stämme,” AMI, N.F. 5, 1972, pp. 261-83. Idem, “Die Kopfbedeckung des persischen Ornats bei den Achämeniden,” AMI, N.F. 7, 1974, pp. 145-­61. R. Ghirshman, Persia from the Origins to Alexander the Great, tr. S. Gilbert and J. Emmons, London, 1964. H. Goetz, “The History of Persian Costume,” in Survey of Persian Art, pp. 2227-56. B. Goldman, “Origin of the Persian Robe,” Iranica Antiqua 4, 1964, pp. 133-52. A. S. F. Gow, “Notes on the Persae of Aeschylus,” The Journal of Hel­lenic Studies 48, 1928, pp. 133-58. V. von Graeve, Der Alexandersarkophag und seine Werkstatt, Ber­lin, 1970. P. O. Harper, The Royal Hunter. Art of the Sasanian Empire, New York, 1978. E. Herzfeld, Iran in the Ancient East, London, 1941. W. Hinz, Altiranische Funde und Forschungen, Berlin, 1969. Idem, Darius und die Perser, 2 vols., Baden-Baden, 1976-79. M. G. Houston, Ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Persian Costume and Decora­tion, 2nd ed., London, 1954. H. J. Kantor, “Achaemenid Jewelry in the Oriental Institute,” JNES 16, 1957, pp. 1-23. I. Kleemann, Der Satrapensarkophag aus Sidon, Berlin, 1958. E. R. Knauer, “Ex Oriente Vestimenta. Tracht­geschichtliche Beobachtungen zu Ärmelmantel and Ärmeljacke,” ANRW II, XII/3, 1985, pp. 578-741, esp. p. 607. J. A. Lerner, “The Achaemenid Relief of Ahura Mazda in the Fogg Art Museum,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute of Pahlavi University (Shiraz), 2, 1971, pp. 19-35. Idem, “A Painted Relief from Persepolis,” Archaeology 26, 1973, pp. 116-22. Idem, “Some So-Called Achaemenid Objects from Pazyryk,” Source 10/4, 1991, pp. 8-15. H. Luschey, “Studien zu dem Darius-Relief von Bisutun,” AMI, N.F. 1, 1968, pp. 63-94. M. Mellink, “Anatolia,” in CAH 2 IV, pp. 211-33. P. R. S. Moorey, “The Iranian Contribution to Achaemenid Material Culture,” Iran 23, 1985, pp. 21-37. T. Nöldeke, “Zum Herodot,” Klio 18, 1923, pp. 1-5. V. Pisani, “Altpers. -va-, avest. anai-im, lat. sura,” ZDMG 96, 1942, pp. 82-83. E. Porada, “Classical Achaemenid Architecture and Sculpture,” in Camb. Hist. Iran II, pp. 793-827. G. Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient World IV, London, 1867. A. Roes, “The Achaemenid Robe,” Bibliotheca Orientalis 8, 1951, pp. 137-41. P. Roos, “An Achaemenian Sketch Slab and the Ornaments of the Royal Dress at Persepolis,” East and West 20, 1970, pp. 51-59. M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians and Greeks in South Russia, Oxford, 1922. S. I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia. The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen, tr. M. W. Thompson, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1970. F. Sarre and E. Herzfeld, Iranische Felsreliefs, Berlin, 1910. E. F. Schmidt, Persepolis, 3 vols., Chicago, 1953-70. R. Schmitt, “Perser und Persisches in der alten attischen Komödie,” Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin Emerito Oblata, Acta Iranica 23, Leiden, 1984, pp. 459-72. H. Schoppa, Die Darstellung der Perser in der griechischen Kunst bis zum Beginn des Hellenismus, Coburg, Germany, 1933. A. Sh. Shahbazi, The Irano-Lycian Monuments, Tehran, 1975. Idem, Persepolis Illustrated, Tehran, 1976. Idem, “New Aspects of Persepolitan Studies,” Gymnasium 85, 1978, pp. 487-500. Idem, “Darius in Scythia and Scythians in Persepolis,” AMI, N.F. 15, 1982, pp. 189-235. C. G. Starr, “Greeks and Persians in the Fourth Century B.C. A Study in Cultural Contacts before Alexander,” Iranica Antiqua 12, 1977, pp. 49-115. D. Stronach, “La statue de Darius le Grand découverte à Suse,” CDAFI 4, 1974, pp. 61-72. G. Thompson, “Iranian Dress in the Achaemenian Period. Problems Concerning the Kandys and Other Garments,” Iran 3, 1965, pp. 121-26. A. B. Tilia, Studies and Restorations at Persepolis and Other Sites of Fārs, 2 vols., Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Reports and Memoirs 16, 18, Rome, 1972-78. G. Walser, Die Völkerschaften auf den Reliefs von Persepolis. Historische Studien über den sogenannten Tributzug an der Apadanatreppe, Berlin, 1966. G. Widengren, “Some Remarks on Riding Costume and Articles of Dress among Iranian Peoples in Antiquity,” in Arctica, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia 11, 1956, pp. 228-76. F. Winter, Das Alexandermosaik aus Pompeji, Strassburg, 1909. (Shapur Shahbazi) Originally Published: December 15, 1992 Last Updated: October 21, 2011 This article is available in print. Vol. V, Fasc. 7, pp. 723-737 Cite this entry: Shapur Shahbazi, “CLOTHING ii. In the Median and Achaemenid periods,”Encyclopaedia Iranica, V/7, pp. 723-737, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-ii (accessed on 30 December 2012).
  3. Hello Please look at this picture which had been taken from the Persepolis: See? There is a historical mistake in the game. The Persian women's clothing was this. Not the clothing that we can see in the game. I think their 3D models should be edited. Of course, it is just a suggestion to help improving the game!
  4. In fact, I want to change its sounds, pictures & also the language to the Persian. But I don't know how I can do it.
  5. Hello everybody I am a beginner & I don't know much about this great game. Is there any way to change some data ? for example the menu pictures or the sounds?
×
×
  • Create New...