;; Generated by WFGLocalizationConverter athen_cavalry_javelinist_b specific Pródromos history Prodromoi were the light scouts of Greek armies. athen_cavalry_swordsman_b generic Greek Cavalry specific Hippeús history Cavalry were made up of the upper class since they were the only ones who could afford the breeding and caring for horses. Initially they were missile troops who avoided close combat, throwing javelins and spears at enemy troops. Later on thanks to developments by the Macedonians they began to close with enemy troops to use their swords. As with all ancient horsemen the Hippeus did not have stirrups or a saddle. athen_champion_infantry generic City Guard specific Epilektos history . athen_champion_marine generic Athenian Marine specific Épibastēs Athēnaïkós history . athen_champion_ranged generic Scythian Archer specific Toxotes Skithikos history The Athenian employed Scythian archers as city police and auxillary troops. athen_hero_iphicrates generic Iphicrates specific Iphikratēs tooltip Hero Aura: All units in his formation +15% speed and +15% armor. All Peltasts +15% speed. history . athen_hero_pericles generic Pericles specific Periklēs tooltip Hero Aura: Buildings construct much faster within his vision. Temples are much cheaper during his lifetime. Melee 2x vs. all cavalry. history Pericles was the foremost Athenian politician of the 5th Century. athen_hero_themistocles generic Themistocles specific Themistoklês tooltip Hero Aura: When garrisoned in a ship, all nearby warships are 20% faster. Ships are also built 20% faster during his lifespan. history The general whom persuaded the Athenians to invest their income from silver mines in a war navy of 200 Triremes. A key figure during the Persian Wars, he commanded the victorious Athenian navy at the decisive battle of Salamis in 479 BC. Later, he pursued an active policy against the Persians in the Aegean, thereby laying the foundations of future Athenian power. Ostracised by the Athenians, he was forced to flee to the protection of the Persians. athen_infantry_archer_b generic Cretan Mercenary Archer specific Toxótēs Krētikós history Mercenary archers from the big island of Crete. They were widely regarded as the best archers in all of Hellas and had a long tradition of hiring themselves out to Hellenic states such as Athens for use aboard Triremes naval vessels. Alexander hired them to accompany him on his world conquest march and while in his service they dueled admirably with the greatly feared eastern archers. athen_infantry_javelinist_b generic Thracian Peltast specific Peltastḗs Thrâx history Peltasts were javelinists originating in Thrace but their form of combat was widely copied by the Hellenes, Macedonians, and Persians. Equipped with a small oval or crescent shield, a peltast would charge at enemy formations whilst hurling his javelins then fall back to avoid close combat. They wore no armor and were at a significant disadvantage against heavy infantry and cavalry, relying on their speed and skill for survival. Thracians sold their services to Hellene cities as mercenaries and added a much needed ranged and skirmishing ability to Hellenic armies. athen_infantry_slinger_b generic Athenian Slinger Militia specific Psilós Athēnaïkós history athen_infantry_spearman_b generic Athenian Hoplite specific Hoplī́tēs Athēnaïkós history Hoplites were the very symbol of Hellenic prestige and citizenship, armed with a spear and a large round bronze-coated shield known as an aspis. Armor was heavy, with bronze helmets and a cuirass of either bronze or linen, in addition to greaves. Hoplites fought in a tight formation called a phalanx, guarding each other with their shields while they attacked the enemy with their 2.5 meter spear or short iron sword. athen_mechanical_siege_lithobolos_common specific Lithóbolos athen_mechanical_siege_oxybeles_common specific Oxybelḗs athen_ship_bireme specific Pentēkónteros history Pentekonters were employed from 800 BC, mostly as a light support unit in the Greek navy. After 600 BC, they were only seen in battle in very limited numbers. They were still in use by small states which could not afford a sufficient number of triremes for their navy. athen_ship_fishing specific Ploîon Halieutikón history Need History athen_ship_merchant specific Ploîon Phortēgikón history Need History athen_ship_trireme generic Athenian Trireme specific Triḗrēs Athēnaïkós tooltip Medium Warship. Ramming Secondary Attack. history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme, the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more maneuverable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory. athen_support_female_citizen specific Gýnē history Greek women were kept under tight control by their husbands, rarely leaving the home for anything beyond the necessities of daily life. They could not own anything or be involved in any business or legal transaction. They acted as household cook, nurse, seamstress, and early educator to young children. Spartan women were an exception to the normal code of conduct and enjoyed many freedoms. athen_support_healer_b specific Hiereús history The art of medicine was widely practised in Classical Greece. Hippocrates was the first physician to separate religion and superstition from actual medicine, and many others followed his lead. athen_support_slave specific Doulos history Slavery played a major role in ancient civilization. athen_support_trader specific Émporos history Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia. brit_cavalry_javelinist_b generic Raiding Cavalry specific Gaisaredos history The Celts were extremely proficient horsemen and created excellent tack for their mounts. This included an early form of saddle with horns at each corner, giving them a huge edge in terms or control over their counterparts. Since the cavalry was made up of rich nobles armor and fine weapons were in great supply, making them formidable opponents. brit_cavalry_swordsman_b generic Celtic Cavalry specific Epos history Like a sword, a horse was a sign of nobility and as a result the Celtic cavalry was often better equipped than the infantry. Armor and helmets were common, while weapons consisted of a large bladed spear and a long slashing sword for close combat. Shields could be round, hexagonal, or oval, but the most common was a regular oval body shield with the top and bottom shorn off. Unlike other horseman, the Celts were not afraid to leap off their mount to fight on foot then climb into the saddle again when possible. brit_champion_cavalry generic Celtic Chariot specific Carbanto history The Britons were one of the last European peoples to use two-horse chariots in combat. They had two iron-rimmed wheels and a flat riding platform that typically carried a driver and a warrior. Useless as shock weapons against tightly packed troops, they were useful for running down individual soldiers and as a stable mount to launch javelins from. The heads of defeated opponents often adorned the chassis to show the warrior's prowess. brit_champion_infantry generic Brythonic Longswordsman specific Delamokludda history Two-handed swordsmen from Briton. These men are veteran soldiers who offer their lives in service to their Brythonic lords. brit_hero_boudicca specific Boudicca tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Attack and Speed for Champion Units. history Ammianus Marcellinus described how difficult it would be for a band of foreigners to deal with a Celt if he called in the help of his wife. For she was stronger than he was and could rain blows and kicks upon the assailants equal in force to the shots of a catapult. Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, was said to be 'very tall and terrifying in appearance; her voice was very harsh and a great mass of red hair fell over her shoulders. She wore a tunic of many colours over which a thick cloak was fastened by a brooch. brit_hero_boudicca_sword generic Heroine specific Boudicca tooltip Hero Aura: TBD. history . brit_hero_caratacos specific Caratacos tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Speed for all units during his lifetime. history Caratacos's name is better known in its Romanized form, Caratacus. Under this name he is remembered as a fierce defender of Britain against the Romans after their invasion in 43 AD. Son of King Cynvelin of the Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacos fought for nine years against the Romans with little success, eventually fleeing to the tribes in Wales, where he was defeated decisively. Finally he entered Northern Britain, where was handed over to the Romans. Taken to Rome, Caratacos was allowed to live by the Emperor Claudius and died in Italy. brit_hero_cynvelin specific Cynvelin tooltip Hero Aura: Has a large and powerful Healing Aura, only useful when idle. history Cynvelin was a powerful ruler centered in the territory around modern day London. Ruling the Catuvellauni from Camulodunum, he was a warrior king who conquered a neighboring tribe and was referred to by the Romans as the King of the Britons. Eventually Cynvelin retired to become the arch-druid of Siluria, but was taken to Rome with his son upon Caratacos's capture. According to legend, the Apostle Paul baptized Cynvelin into Christianity before he died in Italy. brit_infantry_javelinist_b specific Baguada history Gesatae were young men who devoted themselves to war, often serving as mercenaries for other tribes. They were the last Celts to fight stark naked to show their courage, often carrying only a shield with several javelins and a regular Celtic spear. More often than not they were covered in geometric designs painted in woad, a blue dye. brit_infantry_slinger_b generic Celtic Slinger specific Iaosae history Sling bullets are found in enormous numbers in Celtic sites, made of lead, though clay bullets would also have been used. Slings figure prominently in Celtic myth, and were not associated with any sense of shame. To the contrary, the great skill needed to use a sling well was highly rewarded and favored, so they found much more use in Celtic society for a ranged weapon than bows, outside of specific tribes. The god Lugos, in Irish myth Lug, is associated closely with many weapons, among them his sling. Slings were the primary weapon of Celtic hunters as well. brit_infantry_spearman_b generic Celtic Spearman specific Gaeroa history The spear was the main weapon of the Celts, arming the bulk of their forces. The average Celt would only have to take up his long spear and body shield to be ready for battle. While armor was rare, the rabid fighting spirit of the Celts more than made up for in vigor what was lost in protection. brit_mechanical_siege_ram specific Reithe history Celtic assaults on fortified positions were relegated largely to three methods. Creating a shell of shields and setting fire to gatehouses, sapping, at which they were noted as being most expert by Caesar, and rams, known only from votive inscriptions and some Celtic art. brit_ship_fishing specific /Fishing Boat/ history Need History brit_ship_merchant specific Currach history These very small boats were used mainly for fishing, but they were also used to transport goods and personnel. The shell is wickerwork, covered with animal hides. Now they are exclusive to Ireland. They do not have a keel, but are able to ride large ocean waves and navigate up shallow rivers. First written account was by Julius Caesar in 100 BC. There were rumours of larger hide boats, but they were not documented with any solid proof. brit_ship_trireme specific Venetic Ponti tooltip Transport many soldiers across the sea. history The ships of Gaul were described by Julias Caesar as: flat bottoms to ride the shallows, exceptionally high bows and sterns, hulls were made entirely of oak, the foot wide cross-timbers were fastened with iron bolts as thick as a man's thumb, sails of raw hides or thin leather, adapted for sailing treacherous and stormy waters of the north atlantic. Caesar could not injure them by ramming because they were so solidly built, and their height made it difficult to reach them with missiles or board them with grappling irons. brit_support_female_citizen specific Bodu history Brythonic women enjoyed many freedoms, especially compared to their Greek and Roman counterparts. Although they did not fight in battle as some believed, they were able to own property and were capable of gaining considerable wealth. Some noblewomen took over power when their husband's died, such as Boudicca of the Iceni. In addition, family trees were drawn up along female lines, men claiming their ancestry through female ancestors. brit_support_healer_b specific Druides history A druid may be one of many different professions; priest, historian, lawyer, judges, teachers, philosophers, poets, composers, musicians, astronomers, prophets, councillors, high craftsmen like a blacksmith, the classes of the 'men of art', and sometimes kings, chieftains, or other politicians. Druids were very hierarchal, with classes and ranks based on the length of their education and what fields they practiced. They learned their trades through mnemonics by way of poetry and songs, as writing was rarely used by Celts outside of prayers on votive objects, or lists of names for migratory records. brit_support_trader specific Cyfnewidiwr history Celtic traders were known for trafficking in many different goods. These could range from metal work and iron objects to slaves. Indeed, Britain proved to be a steady supply of slaves for the Romans. In trade the Celts often received Roman weapons, armor, and tools. Celtic traders were usually land bound, traveling on foot or by animal. brit_war_dog_b specific Coun history The Celts used large dogs such as mastiffs or wolfhounds in combat, especially against enemy cavalry. The Romans were very impressed with the strength and ferocity of these dogs. Many were brought back to Rome for the gladiator arena or to serve as guard dogs. cart_cavalry_javelinist_b generic Numidian Cavalry specific Ḥayyāl Romaḥ Raḫūv Masili history The Carthaginians possessed the greatest light cavalry of the ancient world in the Numidians. Tough and hardy like their mounts, the Numidians were famous for their ability to ride bareback and without bridles. Riders controlled their horses through a combination of voice commands, knee pressure, and a rope around the animals' necks. Used mostly for pursuing defeated opponents, the Numidians' favored weapon was a javelin that could be used for close combat if necessary. cart_cavalry_spearman_b generic Italic Cavalry specific Ḥayyāl Romaḥ Raḫūv history The Italian allies of Carthage included the various Samnite tribes of the interior hill-country and Italiote Greek colonies along the Southern coast. They provided a much-needed and high-quality cavalry contingent for Hannibal's army. cart_cavalry_swordsman_2_b generic Gallic Mercenary Cavalry specific Epos history Like a sword, a horse was a sign of nobility and as a result the Celtic cavalry was often better equipped than the infantry. Armor and helmets were common, while weapons consisted of a large bladed spear and a long slashing sword for close combat. Shields could be round, hexagonal, or oval, but the most common was a regular oval body shield with the top and bottom shorn off. Unlike other horseman, the Celts were not afraid to leap off their mount to fight on foot then climb into the saddle again when possible. cart_cavalry_swordsman_b generic Iberian Heavy Cavalry specific Ḥayyāl Ḥerev Raḫūv history Along with the Gauls, Iberians formed the Carthaginian heavy cavalry, closing with their opponents at every opportunity. Armed with long-bladed spears and short curved sabers known as falcata, the Iberians were no strangers to fighting on horseback. On many occasions they routed opposing cavalry but usually did not pursue them, preferring to remain close to the main army. cart_champion_cavalry generic North African War Elephant specific Pil Malḥamit history By far the most famous of Carthaginian weapons was the small, ugly, and now extinct, North African forest elephants. Going into battle without a war tower carrying only a driver, Carthaginian war elephants were used as terror weapons: horses could not stand their smell, inexperienced troops were frightened, and the havoc they could cause was immense. Yet by the time of the Second Punic War elephants were at the end of their time. Armies had learned the weaknesses of the giant beasts, specifically how to hamstring and confuse them. More often than not a war elephant could be just as dangerous to its own side as the enemy. cart_champion_infantry generic Sacred Band Pikeman specific Mašal history The Sacred Band was a group of elite troops dedicated to the service of the Phoenician god Ba'al. In addition to providing crack troops, the unit trained Carthaginians aspiring to command Punic mercenary armies. Specially picked troops carried the unit standard emblazoned with the symbols of Carthage into battle. cart_hero_hamilcar generic Hamilcar Barca specific Ḥimelqart Baraq tooltip Hero Aura: TBD history Father of Hannibal and virtual military dictator of Carthage. Hamilcar Barca was a soldier and politician who excelled along his entire career. Lived 275-228 BC. While overshadowed by his sons, Hamilcar was great general in his own right, earning the nickname Baraq or Barca for the lightning speed of his advance. cart_hero_hannibal generic Hannibal Barca specific Ḥannibaʿal Baraq tooltip Hero Aura: TBD history Carthage's most famous son. Hannibal Barca was the eldest son of Hamilcar Barca and proved an even greater commander than his father. Lived 247-182 BC. While he ultimately lost the Second Punic War his victories at Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae, and the feat of crossing the Alps have secured his position as among the best tacticians and strategists in history. cart_hero_maharbal generic Maharbal specific Maharbaʿal tooltip Hero Aura: "Cavalry Commander." +20% Attack for cavalry within his aura. history Maharbal was Hannibal Barca's "brash young cavalry commander" during the 2nd Punic War. He is credited with turning the wing of the legions at Cannae resulting in defeat in which 30,000 of 50,000 Romans were lost, as well as significant contributions to the winning of many other battles during the 2nd Punic War. He is known for having said, after the battle of Cannae, "Hannibal, you know how to win the victory; just not what to do with it." cart_infantry_archer_b generic Mauritanian Archer specific Qešet history A mercenary archer from North Africa. cart_infantry_javelinist_b generic Iberian Mercenary Skirmisher specific Sǝḫīr Kidōn history While Iberians had often served as mercenaries in earlier times, after Carthage's conquest of Spain they were often called up as levies. After the Celts they were considered the most expendable of all the troops in the Carthaginian army, used to dull the force of a charging formation. Armed with a javelin that could have a bundle of burning grass attached at the end for torching buildings, the Iberians could also wear light breastplates called pectorals in addition to their distinctive sinew caps. cart_infantry_slinger_b generic Balearic Slinger specific Qallāʿ Ibušimi history Levied from the Balearic Islands off Spain, these slingers proved to be the greatest the world ever produced, capable of hurling jagged rocks over distances that archers could not match. It was a Balearic slinger that heavily wounded the Roman consul Paullus at the beginning of the bloody battle at Cannae. Stones flung from slings were able to crush and puncture through armor at long ranges, be it iron or bronze. cart_infantry_spearman_b generic Libyan Spearman specific Sǝḫīr Ḥanīt history The core of the Carthaginian army was made up of Liby-Phoenicians, Africans with Phoenician ancestors. The wealthy residents of Carthage recruited the non-citizen Liby-Phoenicians as heavy infantry, fighting in the phalanx armed with the long spear. Armor could range from chain mail hauberks to bronze cuirasses and helmets often included the latest Hellenistic types. Although armed with a shield and a sword, Carthaginian swordsmen were woefully ill-trained compared to their Roman or Iberian counterparts in fencing. cart_infantry_swordsman_2_b generic Italian Allied Swordsman specific /Italian Allied Swordsman/ history TBD. cart_infantry_swordsman_b generic Gallic Mercenary Swordsman specific Seḫīr Ḥerev history Hannibal hired Celtic mercenaries when he invaded Italy in 218 BC, recruited from the Gallic tribesmen in the northern third of the country. Fierce and physically imposing thanks to their height the Celtic soldiers attacked their opponents with swords and spears in a solid wave. They were capable of changing formations and despite their usual lack of body armor they were quite capable of hacking down their opponents. cart_mechanical_siege_ballista_common specific Ballista cart_mechanical_siege_oxybeles_common specific Oxybeles cart_sacred_band_cavalry generic Sacred Band Cavalry specific Sacred Band of Astarte tooltip Bonused vs. Ranged Units. history The Sacred Band of Astarte was an elite cavalry regiment recruited from amongst the upper class of the city. cart_ship_bireme specific Bireme history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory. cart_ship_fishing specific Noon-Mašōt history Fishing for the Carthaginians was much the same as it was for the Phoenicians from whom they were descended. Being primarily a sea power, fishing was one of Carthage’s primary means of food supply. The main fishing boat used was a medium sized (about 20 feet) row and sail boat. cart_ship_merchant specific Seḥer tooltip Trade between docks. Garrison a Trader aboard for additional profit (+20% for each garrisoned). Gather profitable aquatic treasures. Carthaginians have +25% sea trading bonus. history The entire purpose of the Phoenicians/Carthaginians was to conduct trade and commerce principally upon the sea (though not limited to that as far as Carthage was concerned). cart_ship_quinquereme specific Quinquereme history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory. cart_ship_trireme specific Trireme history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory. cart_support_female_citizen specific Aštāh history Unlike many ancient cities, Carthage was found by a woman; Queen Dido, hailing originally from Tyre. Carthaginian women were famous for their beauty and were capable of extremely hard physical work. The records written about the Third Punic War mentioned that all citizens of Carthage, including the women, worked incessantly to manufacture weapons and prepare the city for siege. The women even cut their own hair for use in the springs of artillery pieces. cart_support_healer_b specific Kehinit history Tanit (also spelled TINITH, TINNIT, or TINT), chief goddess of Carthage, equivalent of Astarte. Although she seems to have had some connection with the heavens, she was also a mother goddess, and fertility symbols often accompany representations of her. She was probably the consort of Baal Hammon (or Amon), the chief god of Carthage, and was often given the attribute "face of Baal." Although Tanit did not appear at Carthage before the 5th century BC, she soon eclipsed the more established cult of Baal Hammon and, in the Carthaginian area at least, was frequently listed before him on the monuments. In the worship of Tanit and Baal Hammon, children, probably firstborn, were sacrificed. Ample evidence of the practice has been found west of Carthage in the precinct of Tanit, where a tofet (a sanctuary for the sacrifice of children) was discovered. Tanit was also worshipped on Malta, Sardinia, and in Spain. There is no other reason for giving the Carthaginians a priestess instead of a priest in 0 A.D., although Tanit was the most popular of their two main gods with the people. cart_support_trader specific Mekir history Of all the merchants of the ancient world, the Carthaginians were the most traveled. Their vast fleet of trading ships went as far as Britain and down the coast of West Africa. Culturally sensitive, the Carthaginians would make allowances for the particular customs of their trading partners, some transactions taking place without direct contact or negotiation. Thanks to the long voyages of Carthaginian merchants much territory was explored and even colonized. celt_cavalry_javelinist_b specific Gaisaredos history The Celts were extremely proficient horsemen and created excellent tack for their mounts. This included an early form of saddle with horns at each corner, giving them a huge edge in terms or control over their counterparts. Since the cavalry was made up of rich nobles armor and fine weapons were in great supply, making them formidable opponents. celt_cavalry_swordsman_b specific Epos history Like a sword, a horse was a sign of nobility and as a result the Celtic cavalry was often better equipped than the infantry. Armor and helmets were common, while weapons consisted of a large bladed spear and a long slashing sword for close combat. Shields could be round, hexagonal, or oval, but the most common was a regular oval body shield with the top and bottom shorn off. Unlike other horseman, the Celts were not afraid to leap off their mount to fight on foot then climb into the saddle again when possible. celt_champion_cavalry_brit generic Celtic Chariot specific Carbanto tooltip Brythonic Champion Chariot. Counters Infantry. High trample damage. history The Britons were one of the last European peoples to use two-horse chariots in combat. They had two iron-rimmed wheels and a flat riding platform that typically carried a driver and a warrior. Useless as shock weapons against tightly packed troops, they were useful for running down individual soldiers and as a stable mount to launch javelins from. The heads of defeated opponents often adorned the chassis to show the warrior's prowess. celt_champion_cavalry_gaul generic Gallic Noble Cavalry specific Gallic Brihent tooltip Gallic Champion Cavalry. Counters Ranged Units. history In Gaul we know of heavy cavalry, possibly predecessors to later knights. They used a Celtic lance overhand, a good shield, and wore good armor. Vercingetorix was famous for having a number of them, but their use long precedes him. Heavy Celtic horsemen are found in graves as early as the 600s, with scale coats. Later, with the advent of mail, their armor would largely change to this. They would be experienced, aristocratic or noblemen, or their retainers equipped in kind. Each man would probably have several personal attendants. Some would be powerful noblemen, such as chiefs and kings. In battle, they would be on par with much of the best heavy cavalry in western Europe, due to superior armor, such as mail armor with additional layers of mail over the vital organs, weapons such as high-quality iron spearheads, swords, and a thong of javelins, giving them versatility, and years of experience and training. Their historical use saw them capable of breaking even well-defended positions, or acting to great effect in flanking manuevers. celt_champion_infantry_brit generic Two-Handed Swordsman specific Delamokludda tooltip Brythonic Champion Swordsman. Counters Spear Units. history Two-handed swordsmen from Briton. These men are veteran soldiers who offer their lives in service to their Brythonic lords. celt_champion_infantry_gaul generic Heavy Swordsman specific Solduros tooltip Gallic Champion Swordsman. Counters Spearmen and Cavalry. history The sword among Celts varies in reputation and commonality. Shortswords, essentially truly just long, broad-bladed daggers, were common, but cheaply made, and most likely the swords refered to as bending after a hard strike, and needing bent back into place. The iron construction of longswords, such as used here, was greatly superior, but also much more expensive. The longsword was primarily a weapon of aristocracy and experienced professional soldiers, who could either afford the weapon, have it made for them by their lord as a reward for service, passed down to them by family, or looted from the field. celt_fanatic generic Naked Fanatic specific Gaesata history A Celtic fanatic warrior, devoted to war and his Celtic liege lord. celt_hero_boudicca specific Boudicca tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Attack and Speed for Champion Units. history Ammianus Marcellinus described how difficult it would be for a band of foreigners to deal with a Celt if he called in the help of his wife. For she was stronger than he was and could rain blows and kicks upon the assailants equal in force to the shots of a catapult. Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, was said to be 'very tall and terrifying in appearance; her voice was very harsh and a great mass of red hair fell over her shoulders. She wore a tunic of many colours over which a thick cloak was fastened by a brooch. celt_hero_brennus specific Brennus tooltip Hero Aura: +5 Metal loot for every enemey unit killed. history Brennus is the name which the Roman historians give to the famous leader of the Gauls who took Rome in the time of Camillus. According to Geoffrey, the brothers invaded Gaul and sacked Rome in 390 B.C., "proving" that Britons had conquered Rome, the greatest civilization in the world, long before Rome conquered the Britons. We know from many ancient sources which predate Geoffrey that Rome was indeed sacked in 390 B.C., and that the raid was led by a man named Brennus, but he and his invading horde were Gallic, not British. In this episode several features of Geoffrey's editing method can be seen: he modified the historical Brennus, created the brother Belinus, borrowed the Gallic invasion, but omitted the parts where the Gauls seemed weak or foolish. His technique is both additive and subtractive. Like the tale of Trojan origin, the story of the sack of Rome is not pure fabrication; it is a creative rearrangement of the available facts, with details added as necessary. By virtue of their historical association, Beli and Bran are often muddled with the earlier brothers Belinus and Brennus (the sons of Porrex) who contended for power in northern Britain in around 390 BC, and were regarded as gods in old Celtic tradition. celt_hero_britomartus specific Britomartus tooltip Hero Aura: Gathering rates increased during his lifetime. history The story of how Marcus Claudius Marcellus killed a Gallic leader at Clastidium (222 BC) is typical of such encounters. Advancing with a smallish army, Marcellus met a combined force of Insubrian Gauls and Gaesatae at Clastidium. The Gallic army advanced with the usual rush and terrifying cries, and their king, Britomartus, picking out Marcellus by means of his badges of rank, made for him, shouting a challenge and brandishing his spear. Britomartus was an outstanding figure not only for his size but also for his adornments; for he was resplendent in bright colours and his armour shone with gold and silver. This armour, thought Marcellus, would be a fitting offering to the gods. He charged the Gaul, pierced his bright breastplate and cast him to the ground. It was an easy task to kill Britomartus and strip him of his armour. celt_hero_caratacos specific Caratacos tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Speed for all units during his lifetime. history Caratacos's name is better known in its Romanized form, Caratacus. Under this name he is remembered as a fierce defender of Britain against the Romans after their invasion in 43 AD. Son of King Cynvelin of the Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacos fought for nine years against the Romans with little success, eventually fleeing to the tribes in Wales, where he was defeated decisively. Finally he entered Northern Britain, where was handed over to the Romans. Taken to Rome, Caratacos was allowed to live by the Emperor Claudius and died in Italy. celt_hero_cynvelin specific Cynvelin tooltip Hero Aura: Has a large and powerful Healing Aura, only useful when idle. history Cynvelin was a powerful ruler centered in the territory around modern day London. Ruling the Catuvellauni from Camulodunum, he was a warrior king who conquered a neighboring tribe and was referred to by the Romans as the King of the Britons. Eventually Cynvelin retired to become the arch-druid of Siluria, but was taken to Rome with his son upon Caratacos's capture. According to legend, the Apostle Paul baptized Cynvelin into Christianity before he died in Italy. celt_hero_vercingetorix specific Vercingetorix tooltip Hero Aura: Increased attack for all units within his aura. history The most famous of all Celts, Vercingetorix lead the rebelling Gallic tribes against the might of Rome and Julius Caesar's veteran army in 54 BC. Although successful in defeating several Roman forces, Vercingetorix was unable to defeat Caesar, who eventually surrounded the Celtic leaders in the town of Alesia along with 100,000 men. When a relief army arrived to lift the epic siege, the Romans were out numbered 7 to 1 but still defeated the Celts. Vercingetorix surrendered and was executed. celt_infantry_javelinist_b specific Baguada history Gesatae were young men who devoted themselves to war, often serving as mercenaries for other tribes. They were the last Celts to fight stark naked to show their courage, often carrying only a shield with several javelins and a regular Celtic spear. More often than not they were covered in geometric designs painted in woad, a blue dye. celt_infantry_slinger_b generic Celtic Slinger specific Iaosae history Sling bullets are found in enormous numbers in Celtic sites, made of lead, though clay bullets would also have been used. Slings figure prominently in Celtic myth, and were not associated with any sense of shame. To the contrary, the great skill needed to use a sling well was highly rewarded and favored, so they found much more use in Celtic society for a ranged weapon than bows, outside of specific tribes. The god Lugos, in Irish myth Lug, is associated closely with many weapons, among them his sling. Slings were the primary weapon of Celtic hunters as well. celt_infantry_spearman_b specific Gaeroa history The spear was the main weapon of the Celts, arming the bulk of their forces. The average Celt would only have to take up his long spear and body shield to be ready for battle. While armor was rare the rabid fighting spirit of the Celts more than made up for in vigor what was lost in protection. celt_mechanical_siege_ram specific Reithe history Celtic assaults on fortified positions were relegated largely to three methods. Creating a shell of shields and setting fire to gatehouses, sapping, at which they were noted as being most expert by Caesar, and rams, known only from votive inscriptions and some Celtic art. celt_ship_fishing specific /Fishing Boat/ history Need History celt_ship_merchant specific Currach history These very small boats were used mainly for fishing, but they were also used to transport goods and personnel. The shell is wickerwork, covered with animal hides. Now they are exclusive to Ireland. They do not have a keel, but are able to ride large ocean waves and navigate up shallow rivers. First written account was by Julius Caesar in 100 BC. There were rumours of larger hide boats, but they were not documented with any solid proof. celt_ship_trireme specific Venetic Ponti tooltip Transport many soldiers across the sea. history The ships of Gaul were described by Julias Caesar as: flat bottoms to ride the shallows, exceptionally high bows and sterns, hulls were made entirely of oak, the foot wide cross-timbers were fastened with iron bolts as thick as a man's thumb, sails of raw hides or thin leather, adapted for sailing treacherous and stormy waters of the north atlantic. Caesar could not injure them by ramming because they were so solidly built, and their height made it difficult to reach them with missiles or board them with grappling irons. celt_support_female_citizen specific Bodu history Celtic women enjoyed many freedoms, especially compared to their Greek and Roman counterparts. Although they did not fight in battle as some believe Gallic women were quite large and very strong compared to most men. They were able to own property and were capable of gaining considerable wealth. Some noblewomen took over power when their husband's died, such as Boudicca of the Iceni. In addition, family trees were drawn up along female lines, men claiming their ancestry through female ancestors. celt_support_healer_b specific Druides history A druid may be one of many different professions; priest, historian, lawyer, judges, teachers, philosophers, poets, composers, musicians, astronomers, prophets, councillors, high craftsmen like a blacksmith, the classes of the 'men of art', and sometimes kings, chieftains, or other politicians. Druids were very hierarchal, with classes and ranks based on the length of their education and what fields they practiced. They learned their trades through mnemonics by way of poetry and songs, as writing was rarely used by Celts outside of prayers on votive objects, or lists of names for migratory records. celt_support_trader specific Cyfnewidiwr history Celtic traders were known for trafficking in many different goods. These could range from metal work and iron objects to slaves. Indeed, Britain proved to be a steady supply of slaves for the Romans. In trade the Celts often received Roman weapons, armor, and tools. Celtic traders were usually land bound, traveling on foot or by animal. celt_war_dog_b specific Coun history The Celts used large dogs such as mastiffs or wolfhounds in combat, especially against enemy cavalry. The Romans were very impressed with the strength and ferocity of these dogs. Many were brought back to Rome for the gladiator arena or to serve as guard dogs. gaul_cavalry_javelinist_b specific Gaisaredos history The Celts were extremely proficient horsemen and created excellent tack for their mounts. This included an early form of saddle with horns at each corner, giving them a huge edge in terms or control over their counterparts. Since the cavalry was made up of rich nobles armor and fine weapons were in great supply, making them formidable opponents. gaul_cavalry_swordsman_b specific Epos history Like a sword, a horse was a sign of nobility and as a result the Celtic cavalry was often better equipped than the infantry. Armor and helmets were common, while weapons consisted of a large bladed spear and a long slashing sword for close combat. Shields could be round, hexagonal, or oval, but the most common was a regular oval body shield with the top and bottom shorn off. Unlike other horseman, the Celts were not afraid to leap off their mount to fight on foot then climb into the saddle again when possible. gaul_champion_cavalry generic Gallic Noble Cavalry specific Gallic Brihent history In Gaul we know of heavy cavalry, possibly predecessors to later knights. They used a Celtic lance overhand, a good shield, and wore good armor. Vercingetorix was famous for having a number of them, but their use long precedes him. Heavy Celtic horsemen are found in graves as early as the 600s, with scale coats. Later, with the advent of mail, their armor would largely change to this. They would be experienced, aristocratic or noblemen, or their retainers equipped in kind. Each man would probably have several personal attendants. Some would be powerful noblemen, such as chiefs and kings. In battle, they would be on par with much of the best heavy cavalry in western Europe, due to superior armor, such as mail armor with additional layers of mail over the vital organs, weapons such as high-quality iron spearheads, swords, and a thong of javelins, giving them versatility, and years of experience and training. Their historical use saw them capable of breaking even well-defended positions, or acting to great effect in flanking manuevers. gaul_champion_infantry generic Heavy Swordsman specific Solduros history The sword among Celts varies in reputation and commonality. Shortswords, essentially truly just long, broad-bladed daggers, were common, but cheaply made, and most likely the swords refered to as bending after a hard strike, and needing bent back into place. The iron construction of longswords, such as used here, was greatly superior, but also much more expensive. The longsword was primarily a weapon of aristocracy and experienced professional soldiers, who could either afford the weapon, have it made for them by their lord as a reward for service, passed down to them by family, or looted from the field. gaul_hero_brennus specific Brennus tooltip Hero Aura: +5 Metal loot for every enemey unit killed. history Brennus is the name which the Roman historians give to the famous leader of the Gauls who took Rome in the time of Camillus. According to Geoffrey, the brothers invaded Gaul and sacked Rome in 390 B.C., "proving" that Britons had conquered Rome, the greatest civilization in the world, long before Rome conquered the Britons. We know from many ancient sources which predate Geoffrey that Rome was indeed sacked in 390 B.C., and that the raid was led by a man named Brennus, but he and his invading horde were Gallic, not British. In this episode several features of Geoffrey's editing method can be seen: he modified the historical Brennus, created the brother Belinus, borrowed the Gallic invasion, but omitted the parts where the Gauls seemed weak or foolish. His technique is both additive and subtractive. Like the tale of Trojan origin, the story of the sack of Rome is not pure fabrication; it is a creative rearrangement of the available facts, with details added as necessary. By virtue of their historical association, Beli and Bran are often muddled with the earlier brothers Belinus and Brennus (the sons of Porrex) who contended for power in northern Britain in around 390 BC, and were regarded as gods in old Celtic tradition. gaul_hero_britomartus specific Britomartus tooltip Hero Aura: Gathering rates increased during his lifetime. history The story of how Marcus Claudius Marcellus killed a Gallic leader at Clastidium (222 BC) is typical of such encounters. Advancing with a smallish army, Marcellus met a combined force of Insubrian Gauls and Gaesatae at Clastidium. The Gallic army advanced with the usual rush and terrifying cries, and their king, Britomartus, picking out Marcellus by means of his badges of rank, made for him, shouting a challenge and brandishing his spear. Britomartus was an outstanding figure not only for his size but also for his adornments; for he was resplendent in bright colours and his armour shone with gold and silver. This armour, thought Marcellus, would be a fitting offering to the gods. He charged the Gaul, pierced his bright breastplate and cast him to the ground. It was an easy task to kill Britomartus and strip him of his armour. gaul_hero_vercingetorix specific Vercingetorix tooltip Hero Aura: Increased attack for all units within his aura. history The most famous of all Celts, Vercingetorix lead the rebelling Gallic tribes against the might of Rome and Julius Caesar's veteran army in 54 BC. Although successful in defeating several Roman forces, Vercingetorix was unable to defeat Caesar, who eventually surrounded the Celtic leaders in the town of Alesia along with 100,000 men. When a relief army arrived to lift the epic siege, the Romans were out numbered 7 to 1 but still defeated the Celts. Vercingetorix surrendered and was executed. gaul_infantry_javelinist_b specific Baguada history Gesatae were young men who devoted themselves to war, often serving as mercenaries for other tribes. They were the last Celts to fight stark naked to show their courage, often carrying only a shield with several javelins and a regular Celtic spear. More often than not they were covered in geometric designs painted in woad, a blue dye. gaul_infantry_slinger_b generic Celtic Slinger specific Iaosae history Sling bullets are found in enormous numbers in Celtic sites, made of lead, though clay bullets would also have been used. Slings figure prominently in Celtic myth, and were not associated with any sense of shame. To the contrary, the great skill needed to use a sling well was highly rewarded and favored, so they found much more use in Celtic society for a ranged weapon than bows, outside of specific tribes. The god Lugos, in Irish myth Lug, is associated closely with many weapons, among them his sling. Slings were the primary weapon of Celtic hunters as well. gaul_infantry_spearman_b specific Gaeroa history The spear was the main weapon of the Celts, arming the bulk of their forces. The average Celt would only have to take up his long spear and body shield to be ready for battle. While armor was rare the rabid fighting spirit of the Celts more than made up for in vigor what was lost in protection. gaul_mechanical_siege_ram specific Reithe history Celtic assaults on fortified positions were relegated largely to three methods. Creating a shell of shields and setting fire to gatehouses, sapping, at which they were noted as being most expert by Caesar, and rams, known only from votive inscriptions and some Celtic art. gaul_ship_fishing specific /Fishing Boat/ history Need History gaul_ship_merchant specific Currach history These very small boats were used mainly for fishing, but they were also used to transport goods and personnel. The shell is wickerwork, covered with animal hides. Now they are exclusive to Ireland. They do not have a keel, but are able to ride large ocean waves and navigate up shallow rivers. First written account was by Julius Caesar in 100 BC. There were rumours of larger hide boats, but they were not documented with any solid proof. gaul_ship_trireme specific Venetic Ponti tooltip Transport many soldiers across the sea. history The ships of Gaul were described by Julias Caesar as: flat bottoms to ride the shallows, exceptionally high bows and sterns, hulls were made entirely of oak, the foot wide cross-timbers were fastened with iron bolts as thick as a man's thumb, sails of raw hides or thin leather, adapted for sailing treacherous and stormy waters of the north atlantic. Caesar could not injure them by ramming because they were so solidly built, and their height made it difficult to reach them with missiles or board them with grappling irons. gaul_support_female_citizen specific Bodu history Brythonic women enjoyed many freedoms, especially compared to their Greek and Roman counterparts. Although they did not fight in battle as some believed, they were able to own property and were capable of gaining considerable wealth. Some noblewomen took over power when their husband's died, such as Boudicca of the Iceni. In addition, family trees were drawn up along female lines, men claiming their ancestry through female ancestors. gaul_support_healer_b specific Druides history A druid may be one of many different professions; priest, historian, lawyer, judges, teachers, philosophers, poets, composers, musicians, astronomers, prophets, councillors, high craftsmen like a blacksmith, the classes of the 'men of art', and sometimes kings, chieftains, or other politicians. Druids were very hierarchal, with classes and ranks based on the length of their education and what fields they practiced. They learned their trades through mnemonics by way of poetry and songs, as writing was rarely used by Celts outside of prayers on votive objects, or lists of names for migratory records. gaul_support_trader specific Cyfnewidiwr history Celtic traders were known for trafficking in many different goods. These could range from metal work and iron objects to slaves. Indeed, gaulain proved to be a steady supply of slaves for the Romans. In trade the Celts often received Roman weapons, armor, and tools. Celtic traders were usually land bound, traveling on foot or by animal. hele_cavalry_javelinist_b generic Thessalian Scout specific Pródromos history Prodromoi were the light scouts of Greek armies. hele_cavalry_swordsman_b generic Greek Cavalry specific Hippeús history Cavalry were made up of the upper class since they were the only ones who could afford the breeding and caring for horses. Initially they were missile troops who avoided close combat, throwing javelins and spears at enemy troops. Later on thanks to developments by the Macedonians they began to close with enemy troops to use their swords. As with all ancient horsemen the Hippeus did not have stirrups or a saddle. hele_champion_cavalry_mace generic Companion Cavalry specific Hetaîros tooltip Macedonian Champion Cavalry. Counters Cavalry and Archers. Countered by Champion Units. history The Hetairoi, or Companion cavalry, were a preferred general stand in Macedonian armies. Macedonian noblemen made up this elite cavalry unit, which was key to victory for Macedonian kings starting with Philip II, who increased their number from 600 to several thousand. hele_champion_infantry_mace generic Foot Companion specific Pezétairos tooltip Macedonian Champion Pikeman. Heavy line infantry. Counters Cavalry and Infantry. Countered Ranged Units. Uses the Syntagma Formation. history 'Foot Companions', these were the elite troops from the Macedonian phalanx, whom carried their Sarissas with both hands, the white shields being attached to their armour. The Sarissa and the new tactics they used were developed by Philip II under Theban influence. If properly protected by cavalry on both sides, the Pezhetairoi were virtually invincible to any kind of enemy unit. They were always deployed in deep formations of 16+. hele_champion_infantry_polis generic Spartan Hoplite specific Spartiā́tēs tooltip Champion Spearman. Counters: 2x vs. All Cavalry types. Countered by: Skirmishers, Swordsmen, Cavalry Archers. +10% Attack vs. All Non-Greek Units. Countered by: Skirmishers, Swordsmen. history The Spartans had a very peculiar form of government which enabled them to be professional soldiers. It not only enabled them, but actually forced them to be superior soldiers as a small group of Spartans had to dominate an enormous number of subjects and unwilling allies. The Spartan army was superior in Hellas, and in the rest of the known world. No other army was so well trained, and had such excellent equipment. They believed that traditional training was the key to success, and for centuries they were correct, as they rarely lost a battle in spite of their small numbers. Ironic enough, this concept ended the Spartan supremacy, as the Spartan phalanx could not resist the new sloped Theban phalanx and the invading integrated Macedonian forces. The end of the Spartan power marked the decline of the domination of traditional phalanx warfare. hele_champion_ranged_polis generic Athenian Light Hoplite specific Ékdromos Athēnaïkós tooltip Poleis Champion Raider. Counters Support Units and Ranged Units. Countered by Melee Cavalry. Fast Move Speed. history Ekdromos (literally: out runner) was a development of the Hoplite. Development of the Hoplite took many twists and turns based on the changing dynamics on the field of battle. Once armies began using Peltasts imported from Thrace something had to be done to counter this barrage of javelins thrown into the midst of a phalanx. The Thebans began to increase the armor of their hoplites, but the Athenians took a completely different approach and lightened the load for their infantry. The Ekdromoi would dash out from the phalanx, close with the enemy ranged units at speed, and cut them down at will. This approach also worked to harass more heavily armed troops as well, the enemy carrying too much weight to catch the vexatious Ekdromoi. hele_champion_swordsman_polis generic Athenian Light Hoplite specific Ékdromos Athēnaïkós tooltip Poleis Champion Raider. Counters Support Units, Spear units, and Ranged Units (if they can catch them). Countered by Archers. history Ekdromos (literally: out runner) was a development of the Hoplite. Development of the Hoplite took many twists and turns based on the changing dynamics on the field of battle. Once armies began using Peltasts imported from Thrace something had to be done to counter this barrage of javelins thrown into the midst of a phalanx. The Thebans began to increase the armor of their hoplites, but the Athenians took a completely different approach and lightened the load for their infantry. The Ekdromoi would dash out from the phalanx, close with the enemy ranged units at speed, and cut them down at will. This approach also worked to harass more heavily armed troops as well, the enemy carrying too much weight to catch the vexatious Ekdromoi. hele_hero_alexander generic Alexander The Great specific Mégās Aléxandros tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Cavalry and Champion Cavalry Attack and Speed. "Herocide" attack bonus vs. enemy Heroes. history The most powerful hero of them all - son of Philip II, king of Macedonia (336 BC - 323 BC). After conquering the rest of the Thracians and quelling the unrest of the Greeks, Alexander embarked on a world-conquest march. Defeating the Persian forces at Granicus (334 BC), Issus (333 BC) and Gaugamela (331 BC), he became master of the Persian Empire. Entering India, he defeated king Porus at Hydaspes (326 BC), but his weary troops made him halt. Died in Babylon at the age of 33 while planning a campaign against Arabia. hele_hero_demetrius generic Demetrius The Besieger specific Dēmḗtrios Poliorkḗtēs tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Range and Attack for Siege Engines. history One of the Diadochi, king of Macedonia (294 BC - 288 BC), Demetrius was renowned as one of the bravest and most able successors of Alexander. As the son of Antigonus I Monophtalmus, he fought and won many important battles early on and was proclaimed king, along with his father, in 306 BC. Losing his Asian possessions after the battle of Ipsus, he later won the Macedonian throne. Fearing lest they should be overpowered by Demetrius, the other Diadochi united against him and defeated him. hele_hero_leonidas generic Leonidas I specific Leōnídēs tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Spartiate and Hoplite Attack. history The king of Sparta, who fought and died at the battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. He successfully blocked the way of the huge Persian army through the narrow passage with his 7000 men, until Xerxes was made aware of a secret unobstructed path. Finding the enemy at his rear, Leonidas sent home most of his troops, choosing to stay behind with 300 hand-picked hoplites and win time for the others to withdraw. hele_hero_philip generic Philip II of Macedon specific Phílippos B' ho Makedṓn tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Attack for Champion Units. history The king of Macedonia (359 BC - 336 BC), he carried out vast monetary and military reforms in order to make his kingdom the most powerful force in the Greek world. Greatly enlarged the size of Macedonia by conquering much of Thrace and subduing the Greeks. Murdered in Aegae while planning a campaign against Persia. hele_hero_themistocles generic Themistocles specific Themistoklês tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Move Speed and decreased Build Time for Warships. history The general whom persuaded the Athenians to invest their income from silver mines in a war navy of 200 Triremes. A key figure during the Persian Wars, he commanded the victorious Athenian navy at the decisive battle of Salamis in 479 BC. Later, he pursued an active policy against the Persians in the Aegean, thereby laying the foundations of future Athenian power. Ostracised by the Athenians, he was forced to flee to the protection of the Persians. hele_hero_xenophon generic Xenophon specific Xenophôn tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Armour and Speed to units within his Formation. Increased Speed to Thracian Peltasts during his lifetime. history Xenophon (c. 430 B. C. to c. 355 B. C.) was a Greek soldier and (later) historian who was born in Athens of an oligarch family and was a student of Socrates during his youth. He was elected one of the new Greek leaders chosen to lead the army in its retreat out of Persia. Xenophon went on to fight and lead troops in numerous battles then later write numerous books on military tactics, organization and command throughout the remainder of his lifetime. hele_infantry_archer_b generic Cretan Mercenary Archer specific Toxótēs Krētikós history Archers were used in Hellenistic armies to support the phalanx by splitting up enemy formations. The best Greek archers were from Crete, but mercenaries from Scythia and Asia Minor were sometimes employed. Hellenistic archers wore their quivers on their backs and the more successful ones were able to procure armor. hele_infantry_javelinist_b generic Thracian Peltast specific Peltastḗs Thrâx history Peltasts were javelinists originating in Thrace but their form of combat was widely copied by the Hellenes, Macedonians, and Persians. Equipped with a small oval or crescent shield, a peltast would charge at enemy formations whilst hurling his javelins then fall back to avoid close combat. They wore no armor and were at a significant disadvantage against heavy infantry and cavalry, relying on their speed and skill for survival. Thracians sold their services to Hellene cities as mercenaries and added a much needed ranged and skirmishing ability to Hellenic armies. hele_infantry_slinger_b generic Rhodian Slinger specific Sphendonetes Rhodikos history hele_infantry_spearman_b generic Greek Hoplite specific Hoplī́tēs Hellēnikós history Hoplites were the very symbol of Hellenic prestige and citizenship, armed with a spear and a large round bronze-coated shield known as an aspis. Armor was heavy, with bronze helmets and a cuirass of either bronze or linen, in addition to greaves. Hoplites fought in a tight formation called a phalanx, guarding each other with their shields while they attacked the enemy with their 2.5 meter spear or short iron sword. hele_mechanical_siege_lithobolos_common specific Lithóbolos hele_mechanical_siege_oxybeles_common specific Oxybelḗs hele_mechanical_siege_tower specific Helépolis tooltip Siege Tower. Garrison up to 20 units inside for massive firepower. history When Demetrius Poliorcetes besieged Salamis, in Cyprus, he instructed that a machine be constructed, which he called "the taker of cities." Its form was that of a square tower, each side 90 cubits high and 45 wide. It rested on four wheels, each eight cubits high. It was divided into nine stories, the lower of which contained machines for throwing great stones, the middle large catapults for throwing spears, and the highest, other machines for throwing smaller stones, together with smaller catapults. It was manned with 200 soldiers, besides those that moved it by pushing the parallel beams at the bottom. hele_ship_bireme specific Pentēkónteros history Pentekonters were employed from 800 BC, mostly as a light support unit in the Greek navy. After 600 BC, they were only seen in battle in very limited numbers. They were still in use by small states which could not afford a sufficient number of triremes for their navy. hele_ship_fishing specific Ploîon Halieutikón history Need History hele_ship_merchant specific Ploîon Phortēgikón history Need History hele_ship_trireme specific Triḗrēs tooltip Medium Warship. Ramming Secondary Attack. history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory. hele_support_female_citizen specific Gýnē history Greek women were kept under tight control by their husbands, rarely leaving the home for anything beyond the necessities of daily life. They could not own anything or be involved in any business or legal transaction. They acted as household cook, nurse, seamstress, and early educator to young children. Spartan women were an exception to the normal code of conduct and enjoyed many freedoms. hele_support_healer_b specific Hiereús history The art of medicine was widely practised in Classical Greece. Hippocrates was the first physician to separate religion and superstition from actual medicine, and many others followed his lead. hele_support_slave specific Doulos history Slavery played a major role in ancient civilization. hele_support_trader specific Émporos history Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia. iber_cavalry_javelinist_b generic Cantabrian Cavalry specific Caballero Cantabri history iber_cavalry_spearman_b specific Epones history Armed like the light infantry, Iberian cavalry were often pursued as mercenaries, especially by the Carthaginians. Mounted on excellent horses and wielding high-grade swords they were capable of taking on heavy or light cavalry. As with all Iberians armor was scarce, but they wore the ubiquitous sinew caps made famous by the peoples of the peninsula. iber_champion_cavalry specific Epones Devotio tooltip Champion Cavalry Raider. Bonused vs. Buildings, Melee units. history Elite warriors known as The Devoted were adept warriors who could be either infantry or cavalry. Adding to their already considerable skill, The Devoted were renowned for the experience in foreign wars, often in the service of the Carthaginians. Considering that Iberian troops were commonly used as cannon fodder gives some idea of just how good these fierce warriors had to be in order to survive. These cavalrymen skirmish with flaming javelins, giving them a rare siege ability. iber_champion_infantry specific Devotio history The Devoted were war-hardened veterans of Iberian mercenaries hired out by foreign powers to fight in far-off conflicts. Fighting with and against diverse types of opponents, these men were deeply knowledgeable about various fighting styles and tactics. Once they had returned home from combat they were lavishly taken care of, rising to important positions in society. iber_hero_caros specific Caros tooltip Hero Aura: "Tactica Guerilla." TBD. history Caros was a chief of the Belli tribe located just east of the Celtiberi (Numantines at the centre). Leading the confederated tribes of the meseta central (central upland plain) he concealed 20,000 foot and 5,000 mounted troops along a densely wooded track. Q. Fulvius Nobilior neglected proper reconnaissance and lead his army into the trap strung out in a long column. Some 10,000 of 15,000 Roman legionaries fell in the massive ambush that was sprung upon them. The date was 23 August of 153 BCE, the day when Rome celebrated the feast of Vulcan. By later Senatorial Decree it was ever thereafter known as dies ater, a 'sinister day', from whence our word disaster comes, and Rome never again fought a battle on the 23rd of August. Caros was wounded in a small cavalry action the same evening and died soon thereafter, but he had carried off one of the most humiliating defeats that Rome ever suffered. iber_hero_indibil specific Indibil tooltip Hero Aura: "Tactica Guerilla." TBD. history Indibil was king of the Ilegetes, a large federation ranged principally along the Ebro River in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. During the Barcid expansion, from 212 BCE he had initially been talked into allying himself with the Carthaginians who hade taken control of a lot of territory to the south and west, however after loss and his capture in a major battle he was convinced, some say tricked, to switch to the Roman side by Scipio Africanus. But that alliance didn't last long, as Roman promises were hollow and the Romans acted more like conquerors than allies. So, while the Romans and their allies had ended Carthaginian presence in 'Hispania' in 206 BCE, Indibil and another tribal prince by the name of Mandonio, who may have been his brother, rose up in rebellion against the Romans. They were defeated in battle, but rose up in a 2nd even larger rebellion that had unified all the Ilergetes again in 205 BCE. Outnumbered and outarmed they were again defeated, Indibil losing his life in the final battle and Mandonio being captured then later put to death. From that date onward the Ilergetes remained a pacified tribe under Roman rule. iber_hero_variato specific Variato tooltip Hero Aura: "Tactica Guerilla." TBD. history Viriato, like Vercingentorix amongst the Gauls, was the most famous of the Iberian tribal war leaders, having conducted at least 7 campaigns against the Romans in the southern half of the peninsula during the 'Lusitani Wars' from 147 to 139 BCE. He surfaced as a survivor of the treacherous massacre of 9,000 men and the selling into slavery of 21,000 elderly, women, and children of the Lusitani. They had signed a treaty of peace with the Romans, conducted by Servius Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania Ulterior, as the 'final solution' to the Lusitani problem. He emerged from humble beginnings in 151 BCE to become war chief of the Lusitani. He was intelligent and a superior tactician, never really defeated in any encounter (though suffered losses in some requiring retreat). He succumbed instead to another treachery arranged by a later Roman commander, Q. Servilius Cepio, to have him assassinated by three comrades that were close to him. iber_infantry_javelinist_b specific Caetrati Lusitano history Iberians, especially the Lusitanians, were good at ranged combat and ambushing enemy columns. They throw heavy iron javelins and sometimes even add burning pitch to them, making them good as a cheap siege weapon. iber_infantry_slinger_b specific Karsken history Iberian slingers were the undisputed masters of the weapon and extracted a high toll of the enemy. Going into combat scantily clad at best, the slinger carried three slings tied around his waist, each of a different length allowing him to attack opponents from all ranges. Unlike other cultures, the Iberian slingers threw rocks instead of specially made lead shot. iber_infantry_spearman_b specific Scutarius history A long-bladed spear was a chief melee weapon of the Iberian infantry, often used after the javelins had been thrown. Typically carried by infantry known as scutarii for their long oval body shields, the spearmen would close in formation to attack their opponents. Usually lightly armored, they were quick and had a ferocious reputation. iber_infantry_swordsman_b specific Caetrati history The Iberians were master sword-smiths and the falcata was their greatest creation. Wielded by superb swordsmen equipped with light armor and a buckler known as a caetra, they caused untold carnage. Thanks to this Iberian infantry were fast and agile unlike many of their opponents and could bite hard when they attacked. Their skill with sword and buckler were legendary, allowing them to go toe-to-toe with heavy infantry. iber_mechanical_siege_ram specific Ariete history It is not known if any of the Iberians culture tribes used rams; the unit is added to the civ roster for gameplay purposes. iber_ship_fire specific Iberian Fire Ship history Need History iber_ship_fishing specific /Fishing Boat/ history Need History iber_ship_merchant specific Emporiko Plio history Need History iber_support_female_citizen specific Ciudadana history Iberian women were privileged members of society, equal in rank to men and superior in some areas. For instance a woman would inherit her father's wealth and then distribute it among male family members, in addition to finding wives for her brothers. Manual labor was a common activity, including farming and ditch digging, for which women received pay. Marriage and other commitments to individuals were fervently embraced by both genders. Iberian women were also capable of slaying their own children to prevent them from being captured. iber_support_healer_b specific Sacerdotisa de Ataekina history To the best of our knowledge, only one 'temple'-like structure has been found on the Iberian Peninsula dating from the times and the Iberians worshiped their pantheon of gods at small home altars; however, a very special sculptured head and torso was found in a farmer's field around the turn of the 20th century of a personage who was obviously someone of great substance. As the two principal gods, of the many worshiped, were male Endovellikos and female Ataekina, we thought it would be nice to adopt The Lady of Elche as our priestess-healer representing Ataekina. We know from archelogy and the Romans that Ataekina was associated with spring, the changing of seasons, and nature in general. Ataekina also seems to have been associated with the cycle of birth-death-rebirth. iber_support_trader specific Comerciante history Iberian merchants traded among themselves and had access to larger markets through Carthaginian ports such a Cartegena. Using wagons and carts, the traders also plied wares to Carthaginians, Greeks, and Romans who came to the Iberian Peninsula. Oil, wine, slaves, wool, and wheat were all exported by the Iberians, but most prized of all were its fine horses and remarkably pure iron, which made the finest swords of the ancient world. mace_cavalry_javelinist_b generic Odrysian Cavalry specific Hippeus Odrysi history Thracian cavalry skirmishers were recruited from the Odrysian tribe of central Thrace. mace_cavalry_spearman_b generic Thessalian Lancer specific Xystophoros Thessalikos history The best cavalry in Greece, besides the Macedonian hetairoi. Thessalians led an agrarian life and raised horses in the large pasture lands of Thessaly. They were widely regarded as the best cavalry in all of Hellas due to the speed and tenacity of their horses. They were used effectively in the Macedonian armies as light cavalry and held the important left flank of the battle line, staving off enemy advances long enough for the heavy cavalry on the right flank to make the killer blow. mace_champion_cavalry generic Companion Cavalry specific Hetaîros tooltip Macedonian Champion Cavalry. Counters Cavalry and Archers. Countered by Champion Units. history The Hetairoi, or Companion cavalry, were a preferred general stand in Macedonian armies. Macedonian noblemen made up this elite cavalry unit, which was key to victory for Macedonian kings starting with Philip II, who increased their number from 600 to several thousand. mace_champion_infantry_a generic Macedonian Shield Bearer specific Hypaspistes tooltip Macedonian Champion Guard Infantry. Counters Cavalry Spearmen and Cavalry Swordsmen. history The Hypaspistai, or "shield bearers", were the flower of the Macedonian infantry. They were the most battle hardened veterans within the army and followed Philip II and Alexander the Great into over a dozen full scale engagements. These heavily armed and opulently armoured units acted as an intermediary between the phalanx and the cavalry arm, many times charging headlong with Alexander into a breech in the enemy lines. Sometimes they fought as slow pikemen, like the Pezhetairoi with 6 meter "sarissas", and other times they fought as Hoplites with large aspides and 2.5 meter-long spears, or "dorata". In later times they became known as the Argyraspidai, or "Silver Shields" when Alexander bestowed upon them armor and shields plated in pure silver, and played a decisive role in the early Diadochoi Wars of Alexander's "Successors." mace_champion_infantry_e specific Hypaspistes Argyraspides mace_champion_infantry_sele generic Bronze Shield Pikeman specific Chalkaspides history The Seleucids and Macedonians each had a corps of elite pikeman called "Chalkaspides." mace_hero_alexander generic Alexander The Great specific Mégās Aléxandros tooltip Hero Aura: +25% territory effect for all buildings while he lives. "Herocide": +20% attack bonus vs. enemy Heroes. history The most powerful hero of them all - son of Philip II, king of Macedonia (336 BC - 323 BC). After conquering the rest of the Thracians and quelling the unrest of the Greeks, Alexander embarked on a world-conquest march. Defeating the Persian forces at Granicus (334 BC), Issus (333 BC) and Gaugamela (331 BC), he became master of the Persian Empire. Entering India, he defeated king Porus at Hydaspes (326 BC), but his weary troops made him halt. Died in Babylon at the age of 33 while planning a campaign against Arabia. mace_hero_craterus generic Crateros specific Kraterós tooltip Trusted general under Alexander the Great. history . mace_hero_demetrius generic Demetrius The Besieger specific Dēmḗtrios Poliorkḗtēs tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Range and Attack for Siege Engines. history One of the Diadochi, king of Macedonia (294 BC - 288 BC), Demetrius was renowned as one of the bravest and most able successors of Alexander. As the son of Antigonus I Monophtalmus, he fought and won many important battles early on and was proclaimed king, along with his father, in 306 BC. Losing his Asian possessions after the battle of Ipsus, he later won the Macedonian throne. Fearing lest they should be overpowered by Demetrius, the other Diadochi united against him and defeated him. mace_hero_philip generic Philip II of Macedon specific Phílippos B' ho Makedṓn tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Attack for Champion Units. history The king of Macedonia (359 BC - 336 BC), he carried out vast monetary and military reforms in order to make his kingdom the most powerful force in the Greek world. Greatly enlarged the size of Macedonia by conquering much of Thrace and subduing the Greeks. Murdered in Aegae while planning a campaign against Persia. mace_infantry_archer_b generic Cretan Mercenary Archer specific Toxótēs Krētikós history Mercenary archers from the big island of Crete. They were widely regarded as the best archers in all of Hellas and had a long tradition of hiring themselves out to Hellenic states such as Athens for use aboard Triremes naval vessels. Alexander hired them to accompany him on his world conquest march and while in his service they dueled admirably with the greatly feared eastern archers. mace_infantry_javelinist_b generic Agrianian Peltast specific Peltastes Agrianikos history Peltasts were javelinists originating in Thrace but their form of combat was widely copied by the Hellenes, Macedonians, and Persians. Equipped with a small oval or crescent shield, a peltast would charge at enemy formations whilst hurling his javelins then fall back to avoid close combat. They wore no armor and were at a significant disadvantage against heavy infantry and cavalry, relying on their speed and skill for survival. Agrianians are a Thracian tribe who sold their services to the Macedonians as mercenaries and added a much needed ranged and skirmishing ability to Macedonian armies. mace_infantry_slinger_b generic Rhodian Slinger specific Sphendonetes Rhodikos history mace_infantry_spearman_b generic Foot Companion specific Pezétairos history 'Foot Companions', these were the elite troops from the Macedonian phalanx, whom carried their Sarissas with both hands, the white shields being attached to their armour. The Sarissa and the new tactics they used were developed by Philip II under Theban influence. If properly protected by cavalry on both sides, the Pezhetairoi were virtually invincible to any kind of enemy unit. They were always deployed in deep formations of 16+. mace_mechanical_siege_lithobolos_common specific Lithóbolos mace_mechanical_siege_oxybeles_common specific Oxybelḗs mace_mechanical_siege_ram specific Poliorkitikós Kriós history Macedonian siege ram mace_mechanical_siege_tower specific Helépolis tooltip Siege Tower. Garrison up to 20 units inside for massive firepower. history When Demetrius Poliorcetes besieged Salamis, in Cyprus, he instructed that a machine be constructed, which he called "the taker of cities." Its form was that of a square tower, each side 90 cubits high and 45 wide. It rested on four wheels, each eight cubits high. It was divided into nine stories, the lower of which contained machines for throwing great stones, the middle large catapults for throwing spears, and the highest, other machines for throwing smaller stones, together with smaller catapults. It was manned with 200 soldiers, besides those that moved it by pushing the parallel beams at the bottom. mace_ship_bireme specific Pentēkónteros history Pentekonters were employed from 800 BC, mostly as a light support unit in the Greek navy. After 600 BC, they were only seen in battle in very limited numbers. They were still in use by small states which could not afford a sufficient number of triremes for their navy. mace_ship_fishing specific Ploîon Halieutikón history Need History mace_ship_merchant specific Ploîon Phortēgikón history Need History mace_ship_trireme specific Triḗrēs tooltip Medium Warship. Ramming Secondary Attack. history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory. mace_support_female_citizen specific Gýnē history Macedonian women were mothers, first and foremost. They had few rights and a low station. Lower class women labored the land and, only when necessary, tended the family shop. Middle and upper class women were relegated almost exclusively to home life. Be that as it may, they were masters of the home and servants, their husbands often deferred to their wives in domestic matters. Some Macedonian women did wield uncommon influence in politics, the most famous being Olympias, mother of Alexander. mace_support_healer_b specific Hiereús history The Macedonians worshiped the Olympic Pantheon. The priests of the various sects were renown for "curing" various ailments. When this propensity for "faith healing" collided with the intellectualism of some of the more liberal city-states, medicine was born. mace_support_trader specific Émporos history Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia. mace_thorakites generic Armoured Swordsman specific Thorakites history The Thorakites (plural: Thorakitai) was a soldier similar to thureophoroi. The literal translation of the term is curassiers, which suggests that they may have worn a short Celtic mail shirt or possibly a thorax. Thorakitai were used in armies of the Hellenistic Period in a variety of tactical situations. They were a type of armoured but mobile infantry who did not require a rigid formation to be effective in combat. From their name we can deduce that most wore armour and helmet. They bore a thureos (or thyreos), an oblong shield, and were armed with sword, javelins and spear, which were used according to their tactical use. It seems that the thorakitai were heavily armored thureophoroi, able to bear spears and do battle in a phalanx as well as irregularly attack the enemy in situations when such an action was required for tactical reasons, like to exploit or challenge rough terrain. Thorakitai are mentioned in the army of the Achaian League and in the army of the Seleucids. The Seleucid Thorakitai were used in the storming of the Elburz Range in 210 BC under Antiochus III. They were used with the lighter troops to climb the cliffs and fight hand to hand with the enemy who might have not been dislodged by the lighter troops in the assault. There is a tomb illustration from Sidon showing what could well be a thorakites. The fragmentary inscription indicates that he was an Anatolian. mace_thureophoros generic Heavy Skirmisher specific Thureophoros history The thureophoroi (singular: thureophoros) was a type of infantry soldier, common in the 3rd to 1st century BCE, who carried a large oval shield called a thureos which had a type of metal strip boss and a central spine. They were armed with a long thrusting spear, javelins and a sword. They also usually wore an iron or bronze Macedonian helmet. The thureos was probably originally an adapted form of a Celtic shield. Thracian and Illyrian infantry probably adopted the shield before the Greeks. However it has been suggested that the thureos was brought to Greece after Pyrrhus of Epirus' campaigns in Italy, as his Oscan allies and Roman enemies used the scutum. Thureophoroi were a 3rd century development on the Peltast and wore no body armor, but did wear sturdy leather boots for quick movement. Thureophoroi could skirmish, as well as fight in a phalanx when necessary. They were often stationed on the flanks of the traditional pike phalanx as a link between the heavier pikemen and the cavalry wings. maur_cavalry_archer_b generic Elephant Archer specific Vachii Gaja history Elephant Archer. maur_cavalry_javelinist_b generic Indian Light Cavalry specific Ashwarohi history maur_cavalry_swordsman_b generic Indian Raiding Cavalry specific Aśvārohagaṇaḥ history maur_champion_chariot generic War Chariot specific Rath tooltip Counters Spearmen and Swordsmen. Countered by Skirmishers. Trample Damage Aura. history Champion Cavalry Archer. maur_champion_elephant generic Indian War Elephant specific Gajendra history Painted Indian war elephant with driver and bow rider. Has some armor on its chest and forehead, and swords on its tusks. maur_champion_infantry generic Warrior specific Yōddha tooltip Champion Swordsman. Good against buildings. Counters: 2x vs. Structures, 1.25x vs. Spearmen, Elephants. Countered by: Archers, Cavalry Spearmen. history Lightly armoured or no armour. maur_champion_maiden generic Maiden Guard specific /Unknown/ history . maur_champion_maiden_archer generic Maiden Guard Archer specific /Unknown/ history . maur_hero_ashoka generic Ashoka the Great specific Aśoka Devānāmpriya tooltip Hero Chariot Archer. Hero Aura: "TBD." history TBD. maur_hero_chanakya generic Acharya Chanakya specific Acharya Chanakya tooltip Hero Archer. Hero Special: "Teacher." TBD. history TBD. maur_hero_maurya generic Chandragupta Maurya specific Chandragupta Maurya tooltip Hero Aura: "TBD" history TBD. maur_infantry_archer_b generic Longbowman specific Dhanurdhar history Longbowman. maur_infantry_spearman_b generic Bamboo Spearman specific Kauntika history Bamboo Spearman. maur_infantry_swordsman_b generic Indian Swordsman specific Khadagdhari history Indian Swordsman. maur_ship_bireme generic Light Warship specific Yudhpot tooltip Transport many soldiers across the sea. history Light Warship maur_ship_fishing generic Fisherman specific Matsyapalak history Fishing Boat maur_ship_merchant generic Trading Ship specific Vanijyik Nauka history Merchant Ship maur_ship_trireme generic Medium Warship specific Yudhpot tooltip Medium Warship. history Medium Warship. maur_support_elephant generic Worker Elephant specific Karmākara Gaja tooltip Mobile dropsite. Can also assist in constructing buildings. history Support Elephant. maur_support_female_citizen specific Naari history Mauryan Female Citizen maur_support_healer_b generic Brahmin Priest specific Brāhmaṇa Pujari history Brahmin Priest. maur_support_trader specific Vaishya history Vaishya. noldor_ship_bireme specific Mankar Cirya history Elven light warship ship. pers_arstibara generic Persian Apple Bearer specific Arštibara history The Arštibara, or "Apple Bearers", are the elite palace guardsmen stationed at the great imperial cities of Susa and Persepolis. They are drawn from the ranks of the Immortals regiment and despite their elaborate dress are supreme warriors. pers_cavalry_archer_b generic Babylonian Scythed Chariot specific Babiruviya Ratha tooltip Counters Spearmen and Swordsmen. Countered by Skirmishers. Trample Damage Aura. history Chariots were obsolete by the 5th and 4th centuries BC, but they were viewed as symbols of rank and class, hence their continued deployment on the battlefield in extremely limited roles well after their obsolescence. The crew was made up of an archer and a driver who rode in an armored car equipped with scythe-like blades underneath the chassis and the axels themselves sported a pair of the deadly knives. pers_cavalry_javelinist_b generic Median Light Cavalry specific Mada Asabara history Just as the archers were the rock of the Persian infantry, the Persian cavalry was formed around the light cavalryman, or Asabari. Armed with javelins for long-ranged combat or close-quarter fighting, Asabari were also equipped with swords and axes. Since they were recruited from the upper classes many wore armor and helmets and their horses could also be fitted with light armor. pers_cavalry_spearman_b generic Cappadocian Cavalry specific Katpaduka Asabara history Heavily armed lancers later known as cataphracts were first developed by the Sarmatians from Central Asia. The Persians picked up the technique from other eastern peoples like the Massagetae and the Bactrians. Featuring a heavily armored rider armed with a long lance and even an armored horse, the Cataphracts were the first cavalry to physically crash into their opponents, a considerable feat when one knows that they rode without stirrups. pers_cavalry_swordsman_b generic Hyrcanian Cavalry specific Varkaniya Asabara history The Hyrcanians were the light cavalry of the Achaemenid Great Kings. These men were of superb quality, and are mentioned in every major Persian campaign. Their homeland of Hyrcania bordering the Caspian Sea was both a lush fertile rain forest and foreboding mountain country. pers_champion_cavalry generic Bactrian Heavy Lancer specific Bakhtrish Asabara history Cataphracts were the crushing blow of the Persian cavalry. The development of the Persian cataphract is not well understood, as is the relationship between these men and future generations of cataphract cavalry. At best it seems the Persians adopted the catapharct from encounters with Iranian nomads like the Massagetes. pers_champion_cavalry_archer generic Bactrian Heavy Cavalry Archer specific Bakhtrish Asabara history Cataphracts were the crushing blow of the Persian cavalry. The development of the Persian cataphract is not well understood, as is the relationship between these men and future generations of cataphract cavalry. At best it seems the Persians adopted the catapharct from encounters with Iranian nomads like the Massagetes. pers_champion_infantry generic Persian Immortal specific Anusiya history The Anusiya (or "Attendants") were the elite of the Persian army, handsomely equipped with armor and weapons, including swords which were rare weapons in the normal ranks. A unit of 10,000 men, their number was always kept to full strength whenever a man was killed or wounded, resulting in their nickname, "The Immortals". They were ferocious fighters and well respected. pers_hero_cyrus generic Cyrus II The Great specific Kurush II tooltip Hero Cavalry Lancer. Hero Aura: "Lead from the Front." Boosts attack of nearby cavalry units. history (559 BC - 530 BC) The son of a Median princess and the ruler of Anshan; justly called the 'Father of the Empire', Cyrus the Great conquered Media, Lydia, Babylonia and Bactria, thereby establishing the Persian Empire. He was also renown as a benevolent conqueror. Technically the second ruler of the Persians by that name, and so appears as Kurush II on his documents and coins. Kurush I was his grandfather. pers_hero_darius generic Darius The Great specific Darayavahush I tooltip Hero Scythe Chariot Archer. Hero Aura: "Leadership." Boosts Movement Speed of all nearby units. Hero Aura: "Merchant of the Empire." Boosts profitablity of trade during his lifetime. Ranged attack 2x vs. spearmen. Ranged attack 1.5x vs. Swordsmen. history (King, 521 BC - 486 BC) The son of Vishtaspa (Hystaspes), the satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania; a great administrator as well as a decent general, Darius introduced the division of the empire into satrapies and conquered NW India, Thrace and Macedonia. He was called the 'Merchant of the Empire'. pers_hero_xerxes generic Xerxes I specific Xsayarsa I tooltip Hero Archer. Hero Aura: "Administrator." Accelerates the Gather Rate and Build Rate of nearby units. Counters: 2x vs. Swordsmen, 1.25x vs. Cavalry Spearmen. Countered by: Cavalry Swordsmen, Cavalry Skirmishers. history (King, 485 BC - 465 BC) The son of Darius the Great and Atoosa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great, Xerxes was an able administrator, who also extended Imperial rule into Chorasmia. Apart from his failed invasion of Greece, he was famous for his extensive building program, especially at Persepolis. pers_hero_xerxes_chariot generic Xerxes I specific Xsayarsa I tooltip Hero Scythe Chariot Archer. High Trample Aura. Counters Melee Infantry. Countered by Skirmishers. Hero Aura: "Administrator." Accelerates the Gather Rate and Build Rate of nearby units. history (King, 485 BC - 465 BC) The son of Darius the Great and Atoosa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great, Xerxes was an able administrator, who also extended Imperial rule into Chorasmia. Apart from his failed invasion of Greece, he was famous for his extensive building program, especially at Persepolis. pers_infantry_archer_b generic Sogdian Archer specific Sugda Thanuvaniya history Archers were the core of the Persian infantry, often going into battle with spearmen equipped with spara, whom they heavily outnumbered. Although powerful, the Persian recurved bow was cursed with light arrows that had trouble piercing the armor of heavily armed opponents. But the huge numbers loosed in each volley were more than enough to alarm even the most armored enemy. pers_infantry_javelinist_b generic Anatolian Auxiliary specific Spardiya Takabara history Sparda was the name given to the Achaemenid satrapy in western Asia Minor that replaced the Kingdom of Lydia after the conquests of Cyrus. The peoples of Phrygia, Mysia, Paphlagonia, and Pisidia supplied the empire with much of its skirmish force during this period. Takabara was a blanket term used to describe the Achaemenid auxiliries and derived originally from the Iranian crescent shield. Javelin throwers were an important arm of the Persian infantry, giving added close range punch to the archers and able to close with the enemy if necessary. pers_infantry_spearman_b generic Shieldbearer specific Sparabara history Median and Persian shieldbearers comprised the main infantry regiment of the Persians during this period, especially in the reign of Xerxes. First under the Medes and later the Achaemenid Persians these soldiers were the bread and butter infantry for hand-to-hand engagement. Within the Satabam, the basic tactical unit of the Achamenid army, the shieldbearers formed the first two ranks, protecting the arhcers and also serving as a way to keep the enemy pinned down until the cavalry could act. While well known for tenacity the shieldbearers were not equipped to last long in an extended melee with heavy infantry, like hoplites. pers_kardakes_hoplite generic Cardaces Hoplite specific Hoplites Kardakes history The Kardakes were the Persian answer to the Greek hoplite. They were fielded in large numbers by Darius III in a bid to resist Alexander the Great's invasion. pers_kardakes_skirmisher generic Cardaces Skirmisher specific Peltastes Kardakes history The Kardakes were the Persian answer to the Greek hoplite. They were fielded in large numbers by Darius III in a bid to resist Alexander the Great's invasion. pers_mechanical_siege_ram generic Assyrian Siege Ram specific Athuriya Hamaranakuba history Even after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Assyrians themselves remained active in events. Under the Achaemenids they served in their own national regiments together with the Chaldeans. Naturally, they continued to employ the siege skills that made Assyria so famous in Persian service. pers_ship_bireme generic Cypriad Galley specific Hamaraniyanava history Cypriad galleys comprised a substantial part of Xerxes' navy which invaded Greece in 480 BC. While generally considered inferior to the ships of the Phoenicians, these were still very good. pers_ship_fishing specific Masiyakara history Not much is known about Persian fishing. We do known fishing was important in Egypt as well as in the Iranian provinces bordering the Persian Gulf and in India. pers_ship_merchant generic Ionian Trade Ship specific Yaunash Nav history Phoenician merchant ship used by the persians for trading over sea. pers_ship_trireme generic Phoenician Trireme specific Vazarka Hamaraniyanava tooltip Medium Warship history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Persian Empire. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory. pers_support_female_citizen specific Banu Miyanrudani history Persian women were fairly powerful during the reign of the Achaemenids, having substantial control over their future. A husband was not able to pawn his wife off to cover debts, nor was did he have control of her possessions. Persian women owned property and were quite active in their management of it, which could include female-induced divorce. Veiling had a long tradition in ancient Persia although it was only a sign of modesty and wealth among well-to-do women with none of the modern implications. pers_support_healer_b generic Median Magus specific Maguš Mada history Under both the Medes and later the Persian the tribe of the Magi or the Magians were the masters of religious and oral tradition, comparable to the Levites of the Bible. They were connected to Zoroastrianism, but likely tended to other Iranian cults as well. Aside from religious duties the Magians also functioned as the Great King's bureaucrats and kept his administration running. pers_support_trader generic Aramaean Merchant specific Tamkarum Arami tooltip Trade resources between your own markets and those of your allies. Persians have a +25% land trading bonus. history Merchants were the working corps of the Persian economy, moving goods from one end of the vast empire to the other. Commodities included linen, carpets, perfume, cotton, salt, fruit, and even pearls. Thanks to the Aramaeans, the main language of Mesopotamia and in all directions from it was Aramaic, making trade simple. The language was eventually taken on as the official language of the Empire. pers_war_elephant generic Indian War Elephant specific Hinduya Pila history Elephants were rare sights in Persian armies but they were used and their effect on the battlefield could not be ignored. As their tusks and feet physically attacked the enemy, archers and javelin throwers launched projectiles from atop the animal's back. While huge, they could be just as much a threat to their own side and could be easily hamstrung. But their ability to stop a full-blown cavalry charge when in a line made up for any questions of effectiveness. ptol_champion_elephant generic Towered War Elephant specific Elephantos Polemou tooltip Champion War Elephant. Good sieging capability. "Stench" Aura vs. Horses. Can run amok. Countered by Swordsmen and Skirmishers. history The North African elephant was trained for war and used by the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. Writing in the 2nd century BC, Polybius (The Histories; 5.83) described their inferiority in battle against the larger Indian elephants used by the Seleucid kings. A surviving Ptolemaic inscription enumerates three types of war elephant, the "Troglodytic" (probably Libyan), the "Ethiopian", and the "Indian" (Asian). The Ptolemaic king prides himself with being the first to tame the Ethiopian elephants, a stock which could be identical to one of the two extant African species. (source: Wikipedia) rome_cavalry_spearman_b generic Roman Cavalry specific Eques history Equites were the elite of Roman society, the added wealth stemming from that position enabling them to obtain horses and therefore serve as cavalry. They were formed into units of 30, known as turmae, armored in chain mail and often wearing fashionable Hellenistic helmets. They used a spear for throwing or over arm stabbing as well as a shield and sword for close combat. rome_centurio_imperial generic Roman Centurion specific Centurio Legionarius tooltip The famed Centurion of the Early Empire. history A Centurio, also known as an "hecatontarch" in Greek sources, was a professional officer of the Roman army after the Marian reforms of 107 BC. A Centurio, a title roughly analogous to a "colonel" or "captain" in modern armies, commanded a century (centuria) of 80 men, but senior Centurios could command whole cohorts or take senior staff roles in their legion. These men were harsh masters of war, serving their entire lives in service of Rome among the legions. With high armour and attack, these professionals are the bulwark of any Imperial Roman army. rome_champion_cavalry generic Consular Bodyguard specific Eques Consulares tooltip Elite bodyguard of the Roman Consul on campaign. Good heavy cavalry and raider. Counters Support Units and Archers. Countered by Spearmen and Pikemen. history The Equites Consulares were the best of the Roman cavalry that were picked out by the commanding Consul and served under him directly. They functioned about identical to later Praetorian cavalry, but were usually made up of the most local Italian allies. The Italic cavalry was of better quality and quantity then the citizen cavalry of the Republic, and were highly prized for service. rome_champion_infantry generic Italic Heavy Infantry specific Extraordinarius history The Extraordinarii were best of the infantry fielded by Rome's Italic allies (the socii) that were picked out by the commanding Consul and served under him directly. They were charged with function of vanguard, rearguard, and bodyguard. In battle the Extraordinarii were expected to act as a special unit, to give the Consul additional tactical options. rome_hero_marcellus specific Marcus Claudius Marcellus history Marcus Claudius Marcellus, 268 - 208 BC, a soldier of the first war with Carthage, a hero of the Second Punic War, and victor over the Gauls at Clastidium. Plutarch describes him as a man of war, strong in body and constitution, with an iron will to fight on. As a general he was immensely capable, standing alongside Scipio Africanus and Claudius Nero as the most effective Roman generals of the entire Second Punic War. In addition to his military achievements Marcellus was a fan of Greek culture and arts, which he enthusiastically promoted in Rome. He met his demise when his men were ambushed near Venusia. In honor of the respect the people held for him, Marcellus was granted the title of "Sword of Rome". rome_hero_maximus specific Quinctus Fabius Maximus history Maximus was dictator of Rome for six months during the Second Punic War. Instead of attacking the most powerful Hannibal, he started a very effective war of attrition against him, securing the nickname "Cunctator" or Delayer. rome_hero_scipio specific Scipio Africanus history He was the first really successful Roman general. His campaigns in Spain and Africa helped to bring Carthage to its knees during the Second Punic War. He defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. rome_infantry_javelinist_b generic Roman Skirmisher specific Veles history The Velites (sing. Veles) were the light skirmish infantry of the Polybian legion. They were the younger men who could not afford hastatus equipment or boys too young to serve otherwise. They usually numbered 1200 men in squads of twenty assigned to the maniples of the Hastati, Principes, and Triarii. Their job was to harry the enemy lines before the heavy infantry engaged and to support the cavalry. rome_infantry_spearman_b generic Veteran Spearman specific Triarus history The Triarii were the third line of heavy infantry in the Republican Roman army. Made up of the veterans from previous campaigns, they often possessed the most fashionable arms and armor. Armed with a spear and gladius, the Triarii usually did not fight unless the battle was going poorly or enemy forces required the use of a spear to fend them off. In many cases the Triarii were left at the camp instead of marching out with the rest of the army. rome_infantry_swordsman_a specific Princips rome_infantry_swordsman_b generic Roman Swordsman specific Hastatus history The hastati were the first line of heavy infantry in the early Republican Roman army. They used pila and gladii as their main weapons, throwing the former into the enemy formation and then closing with the sword. For defence they used a large shield called a scutum and wore the best armor they could afford. Hastati were recruited from the young men of Rome, a small part of the 700,000 troops Rome could bring to bear against its opponents. rome_legionnaire_imperial generic Roman Legionnaire specific Legionarius Romanus tooltip The famed legion of the Early Empire. history The Imperial Legionnaire. rome_legionnaire_marian generic Marian Legionaire specific Marian Legionarius tooltip The famed legion of the Late Republic. history The Marian Legionnaire. rome_mechanical_siege_ballista_common specific Ballista rome_mechanical_siege_onager_unpacked specific Ballista rome_mechanical_siege_ram specific Aries history There are several famous sieges during the time of the Republic which required the use of extensive siege weaponry – Syracuse (212 BC), Carthage (148 – 146 BC) and Tigranocerta (68 BC) – they were all carried out successfully. rome_mechanical_siege_scorpio_common specific Scorpio rome_ship_bireme specific Liburnus history By the time of the Second Punic War the Romans had adopted an improved bireme design created by the Liburnians of Illyria. Faster, lighter, and more agile then conventional warships, the Liburna (sing. Liburnus) would quickly become widespread throughout the Roman navy. They appear to have been used in support of Triremes. rome_ship_fishing specific Navicula Piscatoria history For the Romans fishing quickly became the plebs’ favorite pastime from the early days of the Roman Republic when fishing was still done on the Tiber. However towards the end of the Republic the fishing craze spread to the nobility, and hit its peak from the 2nd Century BC to the 4th Century AD. As both a livelihood and as a sport, fishing actually outpaced hunting. rome_ship_merchant specific Corbita history The Corbita was the most famous class of Roman merchant ships, known as Oneraria. They had a cargo capacity of 60-300 tons on average, with variants known to carry as much as 400 tons. These vessels traveled all over the Mediterranean, and could be found literally on every trade route. rome_ship_quinquereme specific Quinquereme rome_ship_trireme specific Triremis Romanum tooltip Medium Warship. Ramming Secondary Attack. history The Trireme was the most common warship of the Mediterranean – it was used by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians and Romans alike. The Romans were already using these vessels by the beginning of the Punic Wars, and underwent a number of modifications. These remain controversial, but it seems that Triremes remained the mainstay of the fleet for this era. rome_support_female_citizen specific Matrona Romana history Roman women in the Republic were in a similar state as their Greek counterparts. When a Roman woman married their dowry and property passed to their father-in-law, while she herself became the property of her husband. Their job was to raise the children and helping in farm work or running the family business. It was a sign of affluence when a man's wife did not have to work. rome_support_healer_b generic State Priest specific Pontifex Minoris history During the Republic, the position of priest was elevated and required a lot of responsibilities, which is why priests were by no means chosen randomly. The position of Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the Roman religion, was occupied by such prominent figures as Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Augustus. rome_support_trader generic Plebeian Merchant specific Mercator Plebeius history Plebeians were the poor class in Roman society, underneath the patricians, often carrying out much local trading and business. While patricians financed large business ventures plebian merchants did the actual work. They traded far and wide, from Iberia to Syria, buying and selling everything from salt to wool to horses to metals to glass to slaves. Rome's extensive network of roads within Italy, many ports, and central location within the Mediterranean made it an ideal place to do business. samnite_skirmisher generic Samnite Skirmisher specific (Samnite Skirmisher) tooltip Mercenary skirmisher. Bonus vs. Archers and Spearmen. history The Samnites were an aboriginal people of Southern and Central Italy. They were fierce warriors and frequently rebelled against Roman rule. samnite_spearman generic Samnite Spearman specific (Samnite Spearman) tooltip Mercenary spearman. Bonus vs. All Cavalry Units. history The Samnites were an aboriginal people of Southern and Central Italy. They were fierce warriors and frequently rebelled against Roman rule. samnite_swordsman generic Samnite Swordsman specific (Samnite Swordsman) tooltip Mercenary swordsman. Bonus vs. All Spear Units. history The Samnites were an aboriginal people of Southern and Central Italy. They were fierce warriors and frequently rebelled against Roman rule. spart_cavalry_javelinist_b generic Perioikoi Cavalryman specific Pródromos Perioïkós history Spartan scout cavalry, supplied by the Perioikoi, or middle-class of Spartan society. Good for hunting and harassing the enemy. The best such cavalry in Greece come from the pastoral territories of Thessaly. Spartan cavalry, though, was no to good. spart_champion_infantry_pike generic Spartan Pikeman specific Phalangites Spartiatis history The 3rd Century BC saw the brief rise of a resurgent Sparta. Eager to regain past glory, the Spartan kings Agis and Cleomenes briefly resurrected the ancient Spartan laws and nearly reconquered the Peloponnese. If not for the intervention of the Macedonians in both insurrections Sparta would have reigned victorious. This soldier here is a Spartan armed in the 'Macedonian fashion' with a small round pelta shield and the long Macedonian pike, or "Sarissa" for use in the Syntagma phalanx formation. spart_champion_infantry_spear generic Spartan Hoplite specific Spartiā́tēs tooltip Champion Spearman. Counters: 2x vs. All Cavalry types. +10% Attack vs. All Non-Greek Units. Countered by: Skirmishers, Swordsmen, Cavalry Archers. history The Spartans had a very peculiar form of government which enabled them to be professional soldiers. It not only enabled them, but actually forced them to be superior soldiers as a small group of Spartans had to dominate an enormous number of subjects and unwilling allies. The Spartan army was superior in Hellas, and in the rest of the known world. No other army was so well trained, and had such excellent equipment. They believed that traditional training was the key to success, and for centuries they were correct, as they rarely lost a battle in spite of their small numbers. Ironic enough, this concept ended the Spartan supremacy, as the Spartan phalanx could not resist the new sloped Theban phalanx and the invading integrated Macedonian forces. The end of the Spartan power marked the decline of the domination of traditional phalanx warfare. spart_champion_infantry_sword generic Skiritai Commando specific Ékdromos Skiritis tooltip A swordsman trained at the Elite rank. Counters: 1.25x vs. Support Units, Spear units, and Ranged Units (if they can catch them). Countered by: Archers, Cavalry Spearmen. history The Skiritai were commandos in the Spartan army. They lead the vanguard on campaign and held the vital left flank of the Spartan infantry line. spart_hero_agis generic Agis III specific Agis tooltip No hero aura. Double health of other infantry heroes. Basically a very tough hoplite. Counters: 2x vs. all cavalry. history Agis III was the 20th Spartan king of the Eurypontid lineage. Agis cobbled together an alliance of Southern Greek states to fight off Macedonian hegemony while Alexander the Great was away in Asia on his conquest march. After securing Crete as a Spartan tributary, Agis then moved to besiege the city of Megopolis in the Peloponnese, who was an ally of Macedon. Antipater, the Macedonian regent, lead an army to stop this new uprising. In the Battle of Megalopolis, the Macedonians prevailed in a long and bloody battle. Much like Leonidas 150 years earlier, instead of surrendering, Agis made a heroic final stand in order to buy time for his troops to retreat. spart_hero_brasidas generic Brasidas specific Brasidas tooltip Hero Aura: Nearby Helot Skirmishers have increased armour and attack. history Because Brasidas has sponsored their citizenship in return for service, Helot Skirmishers fight longer and harder for Sparta while within range of him. spart_hero_leonidas generic Leonidas I specific Leōnídēs tooltip Hero Aura: Increased Spartiate and Hoplite Attack. Counters: 2x vs. all cavalry. history The king of Sparta, who fought and died at the battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. He successfully blocked the way of the huge Persian army through the narrow passage with his 7000 men, until Xerxes was made aware of a secret unobstructed path. Finding the enemy at his rear, Leonidas sent home most of his troops, choosing to stay behind with 300 hand-picked hoplites and win time for the others to withdraw. spart_infantry_javelinist_b generic Helot Skirmisher specific Akontistes Heilotes history Helots were the subject class of Spartan society and toiled tirelessly for their full-blooded Spartan masters. In times of need, Helots were pressed into service to serve as squires and battlefield skirmishers if necessary. The loyalty and performance of these troops was often suspect, but good performance on the battlefield sometimes meant freedom could be earned for the Helot warrior and his family. spart_infantry_spearman_b generic Perioikoi Hoplite specific Hoplī́tēs Perioïkós history The basic unit of the Spartan army made up of middle-class men ("Perioikoi"). The Hoplite formed the core of any Greek army with the unique Phalanx formation ready to hold all potential attacks. spart_mechanical_siege_ram specific Poliorkitikós Kriós history Spartans were not known for their siege craft, but they did know how to build rudimentary siege weapons like battering rams and use basic siege techniques. The siege of Plataea during the Peloponnesian War lasted 2 years. spart_ship_bireme specific Pentēkónteros history Pentekonters were employed from 800 BC, mostly as a light support unit in the Greek navy. After 600 BC, they were only seen in battle in very limited numbers. They were still in use by small states which could not afford a sufficient number of triremes for their navy. spart_ship_fishing specific Ploîon Halieutikón history Need History spart_ship_merchant specific Ploîon Phortēgikón history Need History spart_ship_trireme specific Triḗrēs tooltip Medium Warship. Ramming Secondary Attack. history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory. spart_support_female_citizen generic Spartan Woman specific Gýnē tooltip Gather resources, build structures, and inspire nearby males to work faster. Bonused at foraging and farming. Counters: 2.5x vs. Siege. history Spartan women were some of the freest in the ancient world. They could own land and slaves and even exercise naked like Spartan men. It is said that only Spartan women gave birth to real men. Such tough as nails women more than once helped save their city from disaster, for example when after a lost battle against Pyrrhus of Epirus they overnight built an earthen rampart to protect the city while their men slept in preparation for the next day's siege. spart_support_healer_b specific Hiereús history The art of medicine was widely practised in Classical Greece. Hippocrates was the first physician to separate religion and superstition from actual medicine, and many others followed his lead. spart_support_trader specific Émporos Perioikos history Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia. thebes_sacred_band_hoplitai generic Theban Sacred Band Hoplite specific Hieros Lochos Hoplites tooltip Champion Spearman. Counters Melee Units. Countered by Ranged Units. Extra Bonus vs. All Greek Units. history The Theban Sacred Band. theb_champion_spearman generic Theban Sacred Band Hoplite specific Hieròs Lókhos tôn Thebôn history The Sacred Band of Thebes was a troop of picked soldiers, consisting of 150 pederastic male couples which formed the elite force of the Theban army in the 4th century BC. It is said to have been organised by the Theban commander Gorgidas in 378 BC and to have played a crucial role in the Battle of Leuctra. theb_champion_swordsman generic Thespian Black Cloak specific Melanochitones history The Thespians were among the 700 or so soldiers to stay behind and hold the pass at Thermopylae to delay the Persians long enough for the rest of the Greek army to withdraw. This heroic deed made the Thespians "friends forever" to the Spartans. theb_mechanical_siege_fireraiser generic Fire Raiser specific Pyro-something thespian_melanochitones generic Thespian Black Cloak specific Melanochitones tooltip A Champion Hoplite from the city of Thespeia. Counters Melee Units. Countered by Ranged Units. history The Thespians were among the 700 or so soldiers to stay behind and hold the pass at Thermopylae to delay the Persians long enough for the rest of the Greek army to withdraw. This heroic deed made the Thespians "friends forever" to the Spartans. thrace_black_cloak generic Thracian Black Cloak specific Rhomphaiaphoros tooltip Mercenary Champion Swordsman. Counters Spear Units and Elephants. Countered by Sword Units and Archers. history Thracian tribesmen who wield the fiercesome rhomphaia polearm weapon in combat. They were ubiquitous mercenary swordsmen throughout Hellenistic times, sometimes even serving in two opposing armies. viking_longboat specific Longboat history The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory.