campaigns/army_mace_hero_alexander.xml:30: The most powerful hero of them all - son of Philip II, king of Macedonia (336 BC - 323 BC). After conquering the rest of the Thracians and quelling the unrest of the Greeks, Alexander embarked on a world-conquest march. Defeating the Persian forces at Granicus (334 BC), Issus (333 BC) and Gaugamela (331 BC), he became master of the Persian Empire. Entering India, he defeated king Porus at Hydaspes (326 BC), but his weary troops made him halt. Died in Babylon at the age of 33 while planning a campaign against Arabia.
campaigns/army_mace_standard.xml:22: The most powerful hero of them all - son of Philip II, king of Macedonia (336 BC - 323 BC). After conquering the rest of the Thracians and quelling the unrest of the Greeks, Alexander embarked on a world-conquest march. Defeating the Persian forces at Granicus (334 BC), Issus (333 BC) and Gaugamela (331 BC), he became master of the Persian Empire. Entering India, he defeated king Porus at Hydaspes (326 BC), but his weary troops made him halt. Died in Babylon at the age of 33 while planning a campaign against Arabia.
campaigns/army_spart_hero_leonidas.xml:30: The most powerful hero of them all - son of Philip II, king of Macedonia (336 BC - 323 BC). After conquering the rest of the Thracians and quelling the unrest of the Greeks, Alexander embarked on a world-conquest march. Defeating the Persian forces at Granicus (334 BC), Issus (333 BC) and Gaugamela (331 BC), he became master of the Persian Empire. Entering India, he defeated king Porus at Hydaspes (326 BC), but his weary troops made him halt. Died in Babylon at the age of 33 while planning a campaign against Arabia.
gaia/fauna_wildebeest.xml:10: The wildebeest (plural wildebeest, wildebeests or wildebai), also called the gnu, is an antelope of the genus Connochaetes. It is a hooved (ungulate) mammal. Wildebeest are well known for their annual migration to new pastures in which vast numbers of wildebeest can be seen crossing rivers, such as the Mara River and dying in large numbers as they attempt to reach the other side. Many of them are eaten by crocodiles while others simply drown. Herds of wildebeest possesses what is known as "swarm intelligence", whereby the animals systematically explore and overcome obstacles as one when, for instance, crossing a river or defending against predator attacks.
gaia/flora_bush_badlands.xml:9: A bush commonly found in dry flatlands and rocky crags.
gaia/flora_bush_grapes.xml:7: Grapes were originally gathered to eat like other berries. But in ancient times they were also used to make wine, which is a valuable consumable indeed.
gaia/flora_bush_temperate.xml:9: A deciduous bush commonly found in temperate forests and wild fields.
gaia/flora_tree_acacia.xml:5: Commonly known as thorn trees. It grows in a variety of open, tropical to subtropical habitats, and is locally dominant in parts of Africa.
gaia/flora_tree_aleppo_pine.xml:5: This pine has an irregular shap and can be found in the highlands of the Mediterranean area.
gaia/flora_tree_apple.xml:9: Apple trees bear delicious fruit and are bountiful.
gaia/flora_tree_baobab.xml:9: The baobab is the giant African tree that dots the landscape of the African savanna.
gaia/flora_tree_carob.xml:5: The carob is a leafed evergreen common in the Aegean Sea region.
gaia/flora_tree_cretan_date_palm_patch.xml:9: The Cretan Date Palm is an palm tree generally found on the island of Crete, but in ancient times its range spanned the entire Aegean Sea. The Peloponnese had Cretan Date Palm forests along its shores.
gaia/flora_tree_cretan_date_palm_short.xml:5: The Cretan Date Palm is an palm tree generally found on the island of Crete, but in ancient times its range spanned the entire Aegean Sea. The Peloponnese had Cretan Date Palm forests along its shores.
gaia/flora_tree_cretan_date_palm_tall.xml:5: The Cretan Date Palm is an palm tree generally found on the island of Crete, but in ancient times its range spanned the entire Aegean Sea. The Peloponnese had Cretan Date Palm forests along its shores.
gaia/flora_tree_cypress.xml:5: Pliny narrates several remarkable, but not incredible, instances of the durability of Cypress-wood. He says that there were in his time Cypresses still standing at Rome which were more ancient than the city itself; but that the tree was not a native of Italy, having been originally introduced from Greece to the Greek colony of Tarentum; whence, indeed, Cato, in his work on "Rural Economy," recommends that its seed should be procured. The doors of the temple of Diana, at Ephesus, were, Pliny relates, of Cypress-wood, and appeared quite new when four centuries old; as did also the statue of Jupiter in the Capitol, which was of the same material and half as old again. The tree in his time was employed for rafters, joists, and especially for vine-props, so that a Cypress grove was thought a valuable dowry for a daughter.
gaia/flora_tree_date_palm.xml:5: The Date Palm is found all over the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean. Their fruit, the date, is an important food crop in ancient and modern times.
gaia/flora_tree_euro_beech.xml:5: The European Beech is common throughout Europe.
gaia/flora_tree_euro_beech_aut.xml:5: The European Beech is common throughout Europe.
gaia/flora_tree_fig.xml:9: The Common Fig is widely grown for its edible fruit throughout its natural range in the Mediterranean region, North Africa, Persia, and northern India.
gaia/flora_tree_medit_fan_palm.xml:5: The Mediterranean Fan Palm is common throughout low-lying areas around the Mediterranean Sea.
gaia/flora_tree_oak.xml:5: A deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves.
gaia/flora_tree_oak_aut.xml:5: A deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves.
gaia/flora_tree_oak_aut_new.xml:5: A deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves.
gaia/flora_tree_oak_dead.xml:5: A deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves.
gaia/flora_tree_oak_large.xml:5: A deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves. This one has grown large due to copious amounts of sun, water, and soil nutrients.
gaia/flora_tree_oak_new.xml:5: A deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves.
gaia/flora_tree_olive.xml:9: Apple trees bear delicious fruit and are bountiful.
gaia/flora_tree_palm_tropic.xml:5: Tropical areas are home to a large group of different palm trees.
gaia/flora_tree_pine.xml:5: The pine is an evergreen conifer.
gaia/flora_tree_pine_w.xml:5: The pine is an evergreen conifer.
gaia/flora_tree_poplar.xml:5: The poplar is a leafed deciduous.
gaia/flora_tree_poplar_lombardy.xml:5: The lombardy poplar is an leafed deciduous.
gaia/flora_tree_senegal_date_palm.xml:5: The Senegal Date Palm is an evergreen palm tree generally found on the continent of Africa. Their fruit, the date, is an important food crop in ancient and modern times.
gaia/flora_tree_tamarix.xml:5: An evergreen tree of the genus Tamarix that usually grows in saltine soils.
gaia/flora_tree_toona.xml:5: A deciduous tree of the genus Toona; has red timber.
other/bridge_hele.xml:18: Roman engineers constructed bridges using concrete, which they called Opus caementicium.
other/bridge_wooden.xml:18: Roman engineers constructed bridges using concrete, which they called Opus caementicium.
other/celt_longhouse.xml:23: Later Celts constructed larger dwellings, called long houses, which could house more than one family.
other/column_doric.xml:22: A column of the understated Greek Doric Order.
other/column_doric_fallen_b.xml:22: Column drums fallen off some Greek ruin.
other/hellenic_epic_temple.xml:31: The Hellenes built marvelous temples in order to honour their polytheistic pantheon. While all gods were venerated, a specific patron deity was supposed to watch over each polis.
other/hellenic_propylaea.xml:27: A Propylaea was used as a gate into a sacred precinct. The most famous of these is the monumental gate at the top of the Acropolis in Athens.
other/hellenic_stoa.xml:27: A structure built for civic purposes. Stoa eventually became meeting places for philosophy and commerce. They were usually built within the Agora, or city center, of a Greek city.
other/obelisk.xml:22: A monumental ornamental structure built by the Egyptians of old.
other/plane.xml:42: This may be anachronistic.
other/pyramid_great.xml:11: A monumental ornamental structure built by the Egyptians of old.
other/pyramid_minor.xml:11: A monumental ornamental structure built by the Egyptians of old.
other/sele_colonnade.xml:22: A colonnade of the detailed Greek Corinthian order.
other/unfinished_greek_temple.xml:11: The Hellenes built marvelous temples in order to honour their polytheistic pantheon. While all gods were venerated, a specific patron deity was supposed to watch over each polis.
special_filter/mirage.xml:9:
structures/athen_barracks.xml:19: The Strategeion was the main military headquarters, where important decisions were taken and plans for battles discussed by the Hellene Generals, or "Strategoi".
structures/athen_blacksmith.xml:6: The earliest Greek smiths worked in copper, then bronze, and then finally iron.
structures/athen_civil_centre.xml:9: The most important place in Athens, the Agora served many purposes; it was a place for public speeches and was the stage for civic life and commercial interests.
structures/athen_corral.xml:10: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food.
structures/athen_defense_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/athen_dock.xml:13: Greece is a sea country, which is why some of the greatest Hellenic and Hellenistic cities like Athens, Ephesus, Corinth, Alexandria and Antioch were built by the sea. It should also be noted that all colonies during the Great Colonization were thriving port centers, which traded with the local population. Athens itself had a large sea port at Piraeus, which consisted of 3 separate harbors surrounded by mighty walls and easily chained off to prevent amphibious attacks by enemy fleets. As long as Piraeus was unconquered, Athens remained monarch of the seas.
structures/athen_farmstead.xml:13: Grain wasn't plentiful in Hellas, which is why it was carefully stored in granaries, some of it being reserved for times of siege.
structures/athen_field.xml:6: The Athenians were not reknowned as farmers and preferred to herd livestock or cultivate olives instead.
structures/athen_fortress.xml:11: Fortresses (also called "Phroúria") were built to guard passes and atop hills in order to command plains and valleys below. One such Athenian fortress, Gyphtokastro, guarded the pass from Attica into Boeotia.
structures/athen_gymnasion.xml:26: The gymnasion was a vital place in Athens, where physical exercises were performed and social contacts established.
structures/athen_house.xml:6: Hellenic houses from the Classical Age were generally humble yet stylish. During the Hellenistic Age, however, luxurious palaces and estates became commonplace in the rich Hellenistic metropolises like Antioch, Alexandria and Seleucia.
structures/athen_market.xml:6: Athens was a center of trade for the Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean. The Emporion is the Athenian marketplace in the Athenian port of Piraeus, where commerce and trading occur.
structures/athen_prytaneion.xml:27: The Prytaneion is the meeting place for the city elders to dine and to make swift decisions.
structures/athen_storehouse.xml:6: Resources and building materials were kept in warehouses.
structures/athen_temple.xml:10: The Athenians built marvelous temples in order to honour their polytheistic pantheon. While all gods were venerated, Athena specifically was worshiped as the namesake and protector of the city. She was the goddess of wisdom and of war and the daughter of Zeus.
structures/athen_wall_gate.xml:10: The Athenian city wall was pierced by numerous gates and posterns of various sizes and importance. The "Sacred Gate" was the gate on the road to Eleusis. Another gate was the Dipylon Gate, whose name literally means "Double Gate."
structures/athen_wall_long.xml:11: Athens was surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/athen_wall_medium.xml:11: Athens was surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/athen_wall_short.xml:11: Athens was surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/athen_wall_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/athen_wallset_stone.xml:6: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/athen_wonder.xml:16: The Hellenes built marvelous temples in order to honour their polytheistic pantheon. While all gods were venerated, a specific patron deity was supposed to watch over each polis.
structures/brit_barracks.xml:16: All able-bodied male Celts were expected to heed their liege lord's call to battle when need arose.
structures/brit_blacksmith.xml:9: Figured to have it represent an armory; these were common, and not all Celts (truthfully, not even most) had to provide their own weapons. Just, they had to provide their own GOOD weapons and armor, but mass-produced spears and javelins and shields were distributed freely at need. The possession of a armory by the local lord was considered quite prestigious among the Celts, especially the larger examples found in Gaul that could maintain armies.
structures/brit_civil_centre.xml:13: This was be the center of the town, a great hall where the clan leader resided. All political matters were probably performed inside such a structure.
structures/brit_corral.xml:10: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food.
structures/brit_crannog.xml:18: A crannóc (or crannoge) is the name given in Scotland and Ireland to an artificial island or natural island, used for a settlement. The name can also be used to refer to wooden platforms erected on shallow loch floors, although understandably few remains of this sort have been found. The choice of an island as a home is thought to have been for defense as well as the availability of food in the form of fish nearby.
structures/brit_defense_tower.xml:10: *I could not find any evidence of a celtic tower, but I'm giving them one for gameplay reasons.*
structures/brit_dock.xml:16: A crannóc (or crannoge) is the name given in Scotland and Ireland to an artificial island or natural island, used for a settlement. The name can also be used to refer to wooden platforms erected on shallow loch floors, although understandably few remains of this sort have been found. The choice of an island as a home is thought to have been for defense as well as the availability of food in the form of fish nearby.
structures/brit_farmstead.xml:9: Farming typically revolved around small hamlets and farmsteads with enclosed rectilinear fields - each having areas of pasture, farmland and wood. Ploughing became more efficient with the arrival of the iron share (plough point ? courtesy of our Celts) and a two field rotation was introduced; crops one year followed by a fallow that was grazed by livestock. This lead to surprisingly high yields and fuelled population growth. The image of a farmstead would most likely be a house with some out-buildings. Storage of crops was either in pits or in raised stores and harvest was over several months - weeds, grain and then straw.
structures/brit_field.xml:6: A farmer's field. The Celts were good farmers.
structures/brit_fortress.xml:23: The Broch is an Iron Age round tower fortification type unique to Scotland. The origin of brochs remains a mystery. Some archaeologists believed the brochs were built by an influx of broch builders who had been displaced and pushed northward during the Roman invasion of Britain. However, this theory has been largely disproven and current thought is that they were built by itinerant (travelling) craftsmen since so many were built to almost the same exact design.
structures/brit_house.xml:10: Celts generally lived in round stone or wattle and daub walled structures with thatched roof.
structures/brit_market.xml:16: Efficient farming led to food surpluses and a developing social hierarchy through the period with administration and power centered on the hill forts. Trade would have been buoyant with Europe; exported corn, cattle hides, tin, gold and iron in exchange for wine and olive oil. The first coins appeared although they were more items of wealth and status than trade. There is evidence too of standardized pottery and this suggests that weights and measures were controlled to provide consistency in trade.
structures/brit_outpost.xml:6: *I could not find any evidence of a celtic tower, but I'm giving them one for gameplay reasons.*
structures/brit_storehouse.xml:9: In southern parts of the country, most of the wildwood had been cleared and given way to farming or coppice management. In northern parts, or where the ground was particularly unsuitable for agriculture, wildwood remained, but under constant threat. Land around the farmsteads was usually enclosed by hazel fencing or hedging.
structures/brit_temple.xml:19: Celts built large sanctuaries for feasting and worship. One such structure was the Sanctuary of Corent in modern-day France.
structures/brit_wall_gate.xml:10: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/brit_wall_long.xml:30: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/brit_wall_medium.xml:24: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/brit_wall_short.xml:11: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/brit_wall_tower.xml:12: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/brit_wallset_stone.xml:6: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/brit_wonder.xml:10: Stonehenge is a monumental structure built by pre-historic peoples from Britain from approximately 2500 BC to 2000 BC. Evidence suggests that the structure and the surrounding site served as a place of religious significance, time-keeping, and other societal functions, like burial.
structures/cart_barracks.xml:19: The Carthaginians incorporated stables and barracks into their city walls.
structures/cart_corral.xml:10: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food. Horses or elephants can be captured in the wild and placed in the Corral. Unlike normal corralled animals that generate food, the corralled Horse and Elephant functions similarly to a relic as in AoK. As long as it/they remain(s) in the Corral, the resource cost of training horse-mounted units (cavalry) or War Elephant Super Units is reduced by a fixed amount of -5% per animal corralled appropriate to kind.
structures/cart_defense_tower.xml:10: Sturdy stone outposts used to keep an eye on desert nomad tribes along the Carthaginian North African frontier.
structures/cart_dock.xml:19: The Carthaginians were famous for their sea trade. Carthage itself had an entire harbor dedicated to nothing more than commercial sea trade.
structures/cart_embassy.xml:21: The Carthaginian army was a cosmopolitan affair, made up of mercenaries from dozens of lands.
structures/cart_embassy_celtic.xml:21: The Celts supplied fierce warrior mercenaries for Carthaginian armies.
structures/cart_embassy_iberian.xml:14: The Iberians were known as fierce mercenaries, loyal to their paymasters.
structures/cart_embassy_italiote.xml:21: When Hannibal invaded Italy and defeated the Romans in a series of battles, many of the Italian peoples subject to Rome, including the Italian Greeks and powerful Samnites, revolted and joined the Carthaginian cause.
structures/cart_farmstead.xml:10: Although there must have been many small farms as well, when the Carthaginians expanded into the hinterland, most farms and orchardist establishments were created by the wealthy segment of society that became known as the landowners, and the resulting estates were mostly worked by ?almost enslaved? Liby-Phoenicians, Numidians, and whomever they could get.
structures/cart_field.xml:6: A farmer's field.
structures/cart_fortress.xml:11: The Carthaginians built a number of rather 'monolithic' blockhouse forts sited at critical locations in North Africa, sometimes also in conjunction with long lengths of wall intended to keep the wilder people of the desert to the south from freely ranging into the ?civilised? territories under their direct control.
structures/cart_house.xml:10: Housing was generally built of adobe or sandstone then plastered with stucco. Flat roofs predominate, few windows, arched doorways in evidence, kind of a blend of Achaemenian and Mediterranean styles with some tiled roofs. In the biggest cities, especially Carthage and such as Utica, housing was in flat-roofed structures rising as high as 6 and 7 stories.
structures/cart_market.xml:13: Carthaginian markets were probably just big sheds or structures surrounding a market area or in a wharf area of a port.
structures/cart_storehouse.xml:10: Resources and building materials were kept in warehouses.
structures/cart_super_dock.xml:47: The structure is based upon the center island of the inner harbor constructed to house the war fleet of the Carthaginian navy at Carthage.
structures/cart_temple.xml:15: What little we know of the Carthaginian religion has be pieced together from scattered sources. Tanit, a fertility goddess, was one of two principle gods in the Carthaginian pantheon, the other being her consort Ba'al, a deity of Phoenician origin.
structures/cart_wall_gate.xml:10: The tower sections constituted a 4th level where they rose up to provide even higher firing level platform than that of the top of the wall run.
structures/cart_wall_long.xml:30: The Carthaginians built what are referred to as "triple walls" to fortify some of their cities; as triple walls aren't a practical construct for 0 A.D, the construction of the inner wall is to be used. This wall served not only as a defensive structure but had barracks and stables integrated right into it, and raised towers at intervals. Fodder for elephants and horses, and arms were stored onsite. The ground level consisted of housing for elephants, the second level for horses, and the third level as barracks for the troops. In Carthage alone, 200 elephants, a thousand horses and 15,000~30,000 troops could be housed within the city walls. As shown in the reference drawing, there was also a ditch at the base in front of the wall. These walls were typically built of large blocks of sandstone hewn from deposits nearby, and were never breached by invaders.
structures/cart_wall_medium.xml:24: The Carthaginians built what are referred to as "triple walls" to fortify some of their cities; as triple walls aren't a practical construct for 0 A.D, the construction of the inner wall is to be used. This wall served not only as a defensive structure but had barracks and stables integrated right into it, and raised towers at intervals. Fodder for elephants and horses, and arms were stored onsite. The ground level consisted of housing for elephants, the second level for horses, and the third level as barracks for the troops. In Carthage alone, 200 elephants, a thousand horses and 15,000~30,000 troops could be housed within the city walls. As shown in the reference drawing, there was also a ditch at the base in front of the wall. These walls were typically built of large blocks of sandstone hewn from deposits nearby, and were never breached by invaders.
structures/cart_wall_short.xml:11: The Carthaginians built what are referred to as "triple walls" to fortify some of their cities; as triple walls aren't a practical construct for 0 A.D, the construction of the inner wall is to be used. This wall served not only as a defensive structure but had barracks and stables integrated right into it, and raised towers at intervals. Fodder for elephants and horses, and arms were stored onsite. The ground level consisted of housing for elephants, the second level for horses, and the third level as barracks for the troops. In Carthage alone, 200 elephants, a thousand horses and 15,000~30,000 troops could be housed within the city walls. As shown in the reference drawing, there was also a ditch at the base in front of the wall. These walls were typically built of large blocks of sandstone hewn from deposits nearby, and were never breached by invaders.
structures/cart_wall_tower.xml:13: The Carthaginians built what are referred to as "triple walls" to fortify some of their cities; as triple walls aren't a practical construct for 0 A.D, the construction of the inner wall is to be used. This wall served not only as a defensive structure but had barracks and stables integrated right into it, and raised towers at intervals. Fodder for elephants and horses, and arms were stored onsite. The ground level consisted of housing for elephants, the second level for horses, and the third level as barracks for the troops. In Carthage alone, 200 elephants, a thousand horses and 15,000~30,000 troops could be housed within the city walls. As shown in the reference drawing, there was also a ditch at the base in front of the wall. These walls were typically built of large blocks of sandstone hewn from deposits nearby, and were never breached by invaders.
structures/cart_wallset_short.xml:6: The Carthaginians built what are referred to as "triple walls" to fortify some of their cities; as triple walls aren't a practical construct for 0 A.D, the construction of the inner wall is to be used. This wall served not only as a defensive structure but had barracks and stables integrated right into it, and raised towers at intervals. Fodder for elephants and horses, and arms were stored onsite. The ground level consisted of housing for elephants, the second level for horses, and the third level as barracks for the troops. In Carthage alone, 200 elephants, a thousand horses and 15,000~30,000 troops could be housed within the city walls. As shown in the reference drawing, there was also a ditch at the base in front of the wall. These walls were typically built of large blocks of sandstone hewn from deposits nearby, and were never breached by invaders.
structures/cart_wallset_stone.xml:6: The Carthaginians built what are referred to as "triple walls" to fortify some of their cities; as triple walls aren't a practical construct for 0 A.D, the construction of the inner wall is to be used. This wall served not only as a defensive structure but had barracks and stables integrated right into it, and raised towers at intervals. Fodder for elephants and horses, and arms were stored onsite. The ground level consisted of housing for elephants, the second level for horses, and the third level as barracks for the troops. In Carthage alone, 200 elephants, a thousand horses and 15,000~30,000 troops could be housed within the city walls. As shown in the reference drawing, there was also a ditch at the base in front of the wall. These walls were typically built of large blocks of sandstone hewn from deposits nearby, and were never breached by invaders.
structures/cart_wonder.xml:16: Dating from the 2nd Century BC, the Mausoleum of Atban in northern Tunisia is over twenty metres high and was built by the inhabitants of Dougga for a Numidian prince.
structures/gaul_barracks.xml:16: All able-bodied male Celts were expected to heed their liege lord's call to battle when need arose.
structures/gaul_blacksmith.xml:9: Figured to have it represent an armory; these were common, and not all Celts (truthfully, not even most) had to provide their own weapons. Just, they had to provide their own GOOD weapons and armor, but mass-produced spears and javelins and shields were distributed freely at need. The possession of a armory by the local lord was considered quite prestigious among the Celts, especially the larger examples found in Gaul that could maintain armies.
structures/gaul_civil_centre.xml:10: This was be the center of the town, a great hall where the clan leader resided. All political matters were probably performed inside such a structure.
structures/gaul_corral.xml:10: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food.
structures/gaul_defense_tower.xml:10: *I could not find any evidence of a celtic tower, but I'm giving them one for gameplay reasons.*
structures/gaul_dock.xml:16: A crannóc (or crannoge) is the name given in Scotland and Ireland to an artificial island or natural island, used for a settlement. The name can also be used to refer to wooden platforms erected on shallow loch floors, although understandably few remains of this sort have been found. The choice of an island as a home is thought to have been for defense as well as the availability of food in the form of fish nearby.
structures/gaul_farmstead.xml:13: Farming typically revolved around small hamlets and farmsteads with enclosed rectilinear fields - each having areas of pasture, farmland and wood. Ploughing became more efficient with the arrival of the iron share (plough point ? courtesy of our Celts) and a two field rotation was introduced; crops one year followed by a fallow that was grazed by livestock. This lead to surprisingly high yields and fuelled population growth. The image of a farmstead would most likely be a house with some out-buildings. Storage of crops was either in pits or in raised stores and harvest was over several months - weeds, grain and then straw.
structures/gaul_field.xml:6: A farmer's field. The Celts were good farmers.
structures/gaul_fortress.xml:10: Dun comes from the Brythonic Din and Gaelic Dun, meaning fort, and is now used as a general term for small stone built strongholds. Duns appear to have arrived with the Celts in about the 7th century BC, associated with their Iron age culture of warrior tribes and petty chieftains. Early Duns had near vertical ramparts constructed of stone laced with timber, and where this was set on fire (accidentally or on purpose) it forms the vitrified forts where stones have been partly melted, an effect that is still clearly visible. Use of Duns continued in some cases into the medieval period.
structures/gaul_house.xml:10: Celts generally lived in round stone or wattle and daub walled structures with thatched roof.
structures/gaul_market.xml:16: Efficient farming led to food surpluses and a developing social hierarchy through the period with administration and power centered on the hill forts. Trade would have been buoyant with Europe; exported corn, cattle hides, tin, gold and iron in exchange for wine and olive oil. The first coins appeared although they were more items of wealth and status than trade. There is evidence too of standardized pottery and this suggests that weights and measures were controlled to provide consistency in trade.
structures/gaul_outpost.xml:6: *I could not find any evidence of a celtic tower, but I'm giving them one for gameplay reasons.*
structures/gaul_storehouse.xml:9: In southern parts of the country, most of the wildwood had been cleared and given way to farming or coppice management. In northern parts, or where the ground was particularly unsuitable for agriculture, wildwood remained, but under constant threat. Land around the farmsteads was usually enclosed by hazel fencing or hedging.
structures/gaul_tavern.xml:25: Taverns are where Celtic warriors go for a tall glass of mead after a hard-won battle. Some might even find rest in one of the back rooms for rent in this seedy establishment.
structures/gaul_temple.xml:19: Celts built large sanctuaries for feasting and worship. One such structure was the Sanctuary of Corent in modern-day France.
structures/gaul_wall_gate.xml:10: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/gaul_wall_long.xml:30: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/gaul_wall_medium.xml:24: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/gaul_wall_short.xml:11: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/gaul_wall_tower.xml:12: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/gaul_wallset_stone.xml:6: The Romans called this wall 'Murus Gallicus'. Translated, it means 'Gaulish wall'. It was extremely resistant to assault by battering ram. Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone wall, known as a Murus Gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. These walls were made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for stability. Caesar noted how the flexibility of the wood added to the strength of the fort in case of battering ram attack.
structures/gaul_wonder.xml:10: Stonehenge is a monumental structure built by pre-historic peoples from Britain from approximately 2500 BC to 2000 BC. Evidence suggests that the structure and the surrounding site served as a place of religious significance, time-keeping, and other societal functions, like burial.
structures/iber_barracks.xml:12: The Iberians did not have standing armies in the sense that we know of them elsewhere or of today. Citizens were expected to take up arms whenever called by necessity.
structures/iber_blacksmith.xml:6: The Iberians were known to produce the finest iron and steel implements and weapons of the age.
structures/iber_civil_centre.xml:9: The Oppidum, plural Oppida (oh-PEE-dah), has a long history in the Iberian Peninsula. They were walled towns, dating back to even before the time period of the game and expanding greatly during it. They were usually built upon heights for better defensive purposes but sometimes right out on the plains, especially in the east where there may not have been heights at desirable locations near meandering rivers. This concept drawing is derived from an actual archeological site that has been excavated in the northeast of Spain having belonged to the Ilergete (ee-layer-HAY-tay) tribe as shown in the figure below and from the virtual reconstruction of the site at the museum located adjacent to it.
structures/iber_corral.xml:10: Corrals have been utilised by people husbanding animals since 'time immemorial'; the Iberians mostly built stone-walled corrals that kept cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses.
structures/iber_defense_tower.xml:33: These towers were quite large, high and monolithic stonework; being cylindrical lent them added strength. They were initially built at mountain passes to control access through them or on high places to provide overview and defense of surrounding terrain. They may have also been used as 'toll stations' along trading routes. Sometimes they were even built 'right out in the middle of nowhere' on the flatlands, but always with the idea of defensively controlling terrain.
structures/iber_dock.xml:13: No one really knows how ancient 1st millennium Iberian Peninsular docks or ports looked, though they were probably pretty simple affairs having but a short pier, if even that. However, for the purposes of creating a structure in the game and because the Phoenicians / Carthaginians had such broad influence on the peninsula for a half millennium before the time frame of the game, we have chosen to model something similar to the inner port center at Carthage, with typical Iberian architectural applications applied to it. The largest port that was strictly Iberian, though said to have been founded by the Greeks (defaulting to the Iberian residents when Greek merchants were blocked by Carthage from further trading into the western Mediterranean), was probably only that of Saguntum (and possibly Emporion) on the eastern coast of Spain referred to as the Spanish Levant.
structures/iber_farmstead.xml:6: The Baserri is adopted as being a farmstead that would typically house more than a single family, or an extended family, involved in all manner of agricultural pursuit required of the times.
structures/iber_field.xml:6: 'Soro' is a Basque term for a field for the growing of food. In historical terms, the Iberians tended to growing grains and vegetables, including a variety of roots, greens and artichokes (large blue thistle-like flower-heads), grape vines, and fruit trees ranging from the olive and fig to the apple. The Iberian Peninsula was an agricultural surplus area.
structures/iber_fortress.xml:16: The Castro can be likened to a more strongly fortified town center than that of the common Oppidum which were also fortified places of habitation. As such it was widely and normally constructed upon a height, and almost always had some sort of an acropolis built at the highest point within its towered walls. In the archaeological record of the Iberian Peninsula, the remnants of as many as a thousand fortified places identifiable as Castros can be found in modern day Portugal alone.
structures/iber_house.xml:13: Iberian structures of the time were typically built either entirely of stone or with stone stub walls with 'adobe' up to the roof lines above them. Roofs were then, depending on the economic status of individuals, covered with a composite of mud and binding vegetable and waterproofing asphaltic materials, or slate stone, or in many cases in the region, with so-called Spanish roofing tiles.
structures/iber_market.xml:13: The trade centers or marketplaces of the Iberian civilization may have in fact been no more than folks gathering about in a plaza during certain days of the week or month in order to exchange goods. As a game construct we show a modest building where trading and purchasing goods for sale may take place.
structures/iber_monument.xml:39: The Iberians were a religious people who built small monuments to their various gods. These monuments could also serve as family tombs.
structures/iber_storehouse.xml:6: There was no such thing as an Iberians resource center during the time frame although there may have been camps. However as a game construct we show one to serve purpose of supporting lumbering and mining operations.
structures/iber_temple.xml:13: The Iberian tribes did not typically worship their gods at temples, but there has been a single instance in which the remains of an ancient Tartessian temple has been unearthed in Andalusia in southern Spain. The Iberians for the most part worshipped their gods at small household votive altars in their homes or sometimes at smallish monuments to them in the outdoors. Their two principal gods (though they are also known to have had many others) were Endovelico, as the male represented by a boar, and Ataecina, the female counterpart as represented by a goat.
structures/iber_wall_gate.xml:10: One of the central attributes of the Iberians civ is that it was a highly defensive one that constantly gave the Carthaginians trouble in their bid to conquer the peninsula (which they never really did) and took the Romans another 200 years to subdue, along with incredibly large cumulative loss of Roman lives. This doubled gate has been found incorporated into walls surrounding Iberian villages, Oppida, and fortresses, Castros. It presents rather formidable aspects with its 4 towers, 2 gates, and a courtyard-like interior wherein enemy forces could become entrapped between the two gates, combined with a monolithically strong stone structure. The concept comes from archaeologist and palaeontologist descriptions of the remains of such gates at various locations scattered about the Iberian Peninsula.
structures/iber_wall_long.xml:30: High and strongly built defensive stone walls were a common structure of the Iberian Peninsula during the period, and for long thereafter.
structures/iber_wall_medium.xml:24: High and strongly built defensive stone walls were a common structure of the Iberian Peninsula during the period, and for long thereafter.
structures/iber_wall_short.xml:11: High and strongly built defensive stone walls were a common structure of the Iberian Peninsula during the period, and for long thereafter.
structures/iber_wallset_stone.xml:6: High and strongly built defensive stone walls were a common structure of the Iberian Peninsula during the period, and for long thereafter.
structures/mace_barracks.xml:19: The Stratigeion was the main military headquarters, where important decisions were taken and plans for battles discussed by the Hellene Generals, or "Strategoi".
structures/mace_blacksmith.xml:6: The earliest Greek smiths worked in copper, then bronze, and then finally iron.
structures/mace_civil_centre.xml:9: The most important place in most Classical Greek poleis, the Agora served many purposes; it was a place for public speeches and was the stage for civic life and commercial interests.
structures/mace_corral.xml:10: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food.
structures/mace_defense_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/mace_dock.xml:13: Greece is a sea country, which is why some of the greatest Hellenic and Hellenistic cities like Ephesus, Corinth, Alexandria and Antioch were built by the sea. It should also be noted that all colonies during the Great Colonization were thriving port centers, which traded with the local population.
structures/mace_farmstead.xml:13: Grain wasn't plentiful in Hellas, which is why it was carefully stored in granaries, some of it being reserved for times of siege.
structures/mace_field.xml:6: A farmer's field. The Hellenes were not reknowned as farmers and preferred to herd livestock instead.
structures/mace_fortress.xml:11: The Akropolis was usually a fortified citadel in the upper part of the city. The Athenian Akropolis was renowned for its marvelous temples, among which was the Parthenon, while the Acro-Corinthus was highly prized by the Macedonians for its strategic location and good defenses. Fortresses (also called a "phrourion") were also built to guard passes and atop hills in order to command plains and valleys below.
structures/mace_house.xml:6: Hellenic houses from the Classical Age were generally humble yet stylish. During the Hellenistic Age, however, luxurious palaces and estates became commonplace in the rich Hellenistic metropolises like Antioch, Alexandria and Seleucia.
structures/mace_market.xml:6: Most Hellenic cities were centers of trade. The Emporion is the Hellenic marketplace, where commerce and trading occur. Economic technologies may be researched here as well.
structures/mace_siege_workshop.xml:19: The Macedonians were innovators in siege craft.
structures/mace_storehouse.xml:6: Resources and building materials were kept in warehouses.
structures/mace_temple.xml:10: Asklēpieîa were healing temples, sacred to the god Asclepius.
structures/mace_wall_long.xml:11: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/mace_wall_medium.xml:11: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/mace_wall_short.xml:11: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/mace_wall_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/mace_wallset_stone.xml:6: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/mace_wonder.xml:16: The Hellenes built marvelous temples in order to honour their polytheistic pantheon. While all gods were venerated, a specific patron deity was supposed to watch over each polis.
structures/maur_blacksmith.xml:6: The Indians acquired the knowledge for making wootz (or urukke) steel from the Tamils during the 5th century BC. Since that time, swords, knives, and other implements made of this steel were highly prized in the ancient world. Such steel was the sharpest and most sought-after of its age, displaying as it does beautiful organic patterns from the alloys within the steel. The famous "Damascene" steel was derived from it, exported from India all the way to Syria. It is said that the Indian King Purushottama (Porus) of Paurava gave a sword made of wootz steel to Alexander the Great as a gift after the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
structures/maur_field.xml:6: A farmer's field.
structures/maur_wall_long.xml:36: Mauryan city walls were generally made out of wood, which is an abundant resource in ancient India.
structures/maur_wall_medium.xml:30: Mauryan city walls were generally made out of wood, which is an abundant resource in ancient India.
structures/maur_wall_short.xml:17: Mauryan city walls were generally made out of wood, which is an abundant resource in ancient India.
structures/maur_wall_tower.xml:19: Mauryan city walls were generally made out of wood, which is an abundant resource in ancient India.
structures/maur_wonder.xml:10: The Great Stupa was originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha. It was crowned by the chatra, a parasol-like structure symbolising high rank. It has four profusely carved ornamental gateways and a balustrade encircling the whole structure. The construction work was overseen was Ashoka's first wife, Samragyi Vidisha Devi herself.
structures/merc_camp_egyptian.xml:32: The Greco-Macedonian Ptolemy Dynasty relied on large numbers of Greek and foreign mercenaries for the bulk of its military force, mainly because the loyalty of native Egyptian units was often suspect. Indeed, during one native uprising, Upper Egypt was lost to the Ptolemies for decades. Mercenaries were often battle-hardened and their loyalty can be bought, sometimes cheaply, sometimes not cheaply. This was of no matter, since Egypt under the Ptolemies was so prosperous as to be the richest of Alexander's successor states.
structures/pers_apadana.xml:32: The term Apadana designates a large hypostyle palace found in Persia. The best known example, and by far the largest, was the great Apadana at Persepolis. Functioning as the empire's central audience hall, the palace is famous for the reliefs of the tribute-bearers and of the army, including the Immortals. The annual tribute that the Persians received from their satrapies and vassal states, as regularised by Darius the Great, accounted for incredible annual revenue.
structures/pers_barracks.xml:6: The Persian barracks was often the armory where the weapons of the national regiment of that region was stored.
structures/pers_civil_centre.xml:10: Possibly of Median origin, the word 'satrapy' means province. Soon after coming to the throne, Darius the Great carried out a vast administrative reform, dividing the huge empire into 20 satrapies governed by satraps.
structures/pers_corral.xml:13: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food. Camels and horses can be captured in the wild and placed in the Corral. Unlike normal corralled animals, which generate food, the corralled Camel/Horse functions similarly to a relic. As long as it remains in the Corral, the resource cost of training camel-mounted units or horse-mounted units (as appropriate) is reduced by a fixed amount.
structures/pers_defense_tower.xml:6: The narrow entrance into mountainous Cilicia was protected by wooden fortifications which made any foreign intrusions extremely difficult.
structures/pers_dock.xml:13: Situated on the Mediterranean coast, all Phoenician cities had excellent docks and harbors, the outstanding example being Tyre, which was situated on an island close to the shore.
structures/pers_farmstead.xml:13: Farming probably originated in the lands of Mesopotamia circa 8000 BC. The arable lands of Sumer and Akkad, well irrigated by the Tigris and Euphrates, accounted for food surpluses, which were in turn stored in granaries present in every town. The Persians, who were originally shepherds and hunters, probably began farming under the influence of the nearby Elamites.
structures/pers_field.xml:6: A farmer's field.
structures/pers_fortress.xml:6: The Susa Chateau was a fortress in the administrative capital of Susa, which was reconstructed by a French archaeologist in 1890 with the use of original building material.
structures/pers_house.xml:10: Apart from the Great King and his close relatives, the satraps resided in splendid spacious residences, which included palaces, pavilions and gardens.
structures/pers_market.xml:13: Traders from all distant parts of the huge empire met, exchanged and sold goods in the huge bazaars present in almost every big city. Babylon and Susa were the largest and most frequented trade centers.
structures/pers_stables.xml:21: Cavalry was primarily used as an elite assault force by the Persians.
structures/pers_storehouse.xml:6: The Persian kings kept the huge annual tribute received by their subject nations in specific buildings in Persepolis and Susa. In the provinces, the satraps were responsible for the establishment of similar foundations, where local taxes and public funds were kept.
structures/pers_temple.xml:13: Zoroastrian Temples were most often simple structures, not as ornate as Christian churches and Muslim mosques. Fire Altars were also widely spread as small places of worship.
structures/pers_wall_gate.xml:10: Persepolis, the Persian royal capital, was constructed on an immense man-made terrace with strong defensive walls.
structures/pers_wall_long.xml:30: Persepolis, the Persian royal capital, was constructed on an immense man-made terrace with strong defensive walls.
structures/pers_wall_medium.xml:24: Persepolis, the Persian royal capital, was constructed on an immense man-made terrace with strong defensive walls.
structures/pers_wall_short.xml:11: Persepolis, the Persian royal capital, was constructed on an immense man-made terrace with strong defensive walls.
structures/pers_wall_tower.xml:10: When Cyrus the Great campaigned in the north and chose to establish the river Jaxartes as a boundary, he constructed a mighty fortress to protect his territories from Scythian raids. It was called Cyropolis and was situated close to the place where Alexander the Great later built his Alexandria Eschatae.
structures/pers_wallset_stone.xml:6: These were the massive walls that Nebuchadnezzar built to protect the city. It is said that two four-horse chariots could easily pass by each other. Babylon, although not an official royal residence (there were 4 of them all together), was a preferred place for holidays.
structures/pers_wonder.xml:13: A magnificent structure built in the 6th century BC by the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in order to please his wife Amytis of Media, who was homesick for the gardens and mountains of her homeland.
structures/ptol_corral.xml:19: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food.
structures/ptol_defense_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/ptol_lighthouse.xml:22: The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt built the magnificent Lighthouse of Alexandria near the harbor mouth of that Nile Delta city. This structure could be seen for many kilometers out to sea and was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
structures/ptol_market.xml:10: Most Hellenistic cities were centers of trade, and Egyptian cities were no exception.
structures/ptol_mercenary_camp.xml:32: The Greco-Macedonian Ptolemy Dynasty relied on large numbers of Greek and foreign mercenaries for the bulk of its military force, mainly because the loyalty of native Egyptian units was often suspect. Indeed, during one native uprising, Upper Egypt was lost to the Ptolemies for decades. Mercenaries were often battle-hardened and their loyalty can be bought, sometimes cheaply, sometimes not cheaply. This was of no matter, since Egypt under the Ptolemies was so prosperous as to be the richest of Alexander's successor states.
structures/ptol_military_colony.xml:11: The Ptolemaic kings invited Greeks, Macedonians, Galatians (Gauls), Cretans, and Thracians alike to settle within Egypt in military colonies called cleruchies (klēroukhia). Under this arrangement, the settlers were given a plot of land, or a kleros, and in return were required to serve in the great king's army when called to duty. This created a upper-middle class of military settlers who owed their livelihoods and fortunes to the Ptolemaic kings and helped grow the available manpower for the imperial Ptolemaic army. A side effect of this system was that it drained the Greek homeland of military-aged men, a contributing factor to Greece's eventual conquest by Rome.
structures/ptol_storehouse.xml:19: Resources and building materials were kept in warehouses.
structures/ptol_wall_long.xml:28: Ptolemaic cities were surrounded by limestone walls for protection against enemy attacks. Some of these fortifications were massive structures.
structures/ptol_wall_medium.xml:22: Ptolemaic cities were surrounded by limestone walls for protection against enemy attacks. Some of these fortifications were massive structures.
structures/ptol_wall_short.xml:9: Ptolemaic cities were surrounded by limestone walls for protection against enemy attacks. Some of these fortifications were massive structures.
structures/ptol_wall_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/ptol_wonder.xml:16: The Temple of Edfu is an ancient Egyptian temple located on the west bank of the Nile in the city of Edfu which was known in Greco-Roman times as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus-Apollo.The temple, dedicated to the falcon god Horus, was built in the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BCE. In modern times, it is one of the best preserved temples of Egypt.
structures/rome_arch.xml:24: The Triumphal Arch was built to commemorate a great victory or achievement by the emporer. They were highly decorated and large enough to march under by the Emperor's legions.
structures/rome_army_camp.xml:73: Sometimes it was a temporary camp built facing the route by which the army is to march, other times a defensive or offensive (for sieges) structure. Within this gate the tents of the first centuries or cohorts are pitched, and the dragons (ensigns of cohorts) and other ensigns planted. The Decumane gate is directly opposite to the Praetorian in the rear of the camp, and through this the soldiers are conducted to the place appointed for punishment or execution.
structures/rome_barracks.xml:19: Romans specialised in the building of military camps and forts. A few of them still survive.
structures/rome_blacksmith.xml:6: The Roman army stored and repaired its equipment in the armamentarium of the camp.
structures/rome_civil_centre.xml:13: A Roman forum was the center of a city's commercial and public life. The most famous of which was in Rome herself, the Forum Romanum.
structures/rome_corral.xml:10: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food.
structures/rome_defense_tower.xml:10: For use by the Romans to keep an eye over surrounding hostile territory.
structures/rome_dock.xml:13: Being an inland city, Rome was still connected to the port of Ostia through means of the Tiber. Merchant ships from all over the Mediterranean arrived at Ostia, bringing all kinds of luxurious goods. The construction of a reliable harbor was planned by Julius Caesar and carried out by Claudius.
structures/rome_farmstead.xml:13: As Rome grew more and more affluent, many of the rich senators built lavish villas throughout Italy. Most of them emulated earlier Hellenistic examples; remains can be seen even today at Pompeii.
structures/rome_field.xml:6: A farmer's field.
structures/rome_house.xml:6: The word "domus" is the root of the English word "domicile" which means house or home. The typical middle and upper-class Roman Domus had many rooms, a skylight to collect water and provide sunlight, and a tile roof. An attached garden was later included under Hellenistic influence.
structures/rome_market.xml:13: Rome had many markets, each specialized in the commerce of different goods and services. The Forum Vinarium sold wine, while the Forum Holitorium sold vegetables, and the Forum Boarium dealt with the buying and selling of cattle. The Forum Cuppedinis was known to have had a wide selection of goods. Markets were also known as "macella" (sing: macellum), where trade and money lending took place.
structures/rome_siege_wall_gate.xml:28: Quick building, but expensive wooden and earthen walls used to surround and siege an enemy town or fortified position. The most famous examples are the Roman sieges of the Iberian stronghold of Numantia and the Gallic stronghold of Alesia.
structures/rome_siege_wall_long.xml:56: Quick building, but expensive wooden and earthen walls used to surround and siege an enemy town or fortified position. The most famous examples are the Roman sieges of the Iberian stronghold of Numantia and the Gallic stronghold of Alesia.
structures/rome_siege_wall_medium.xml:50: Quick building, but expensive wooden and earthen walls used to surround and siege an enemy town or fortified position. The most famous examples are the Roman sieges of the Iberian stronghold of Numantia and the Gallic stronghold of Alesia.
structures/rome_siege_wall_short.xml:37: Quick building, but expensive wooden and earthen walls used to surround and siege an enemy town or fortified position. The most famous examples are the Roman sieges of the Iberian stronghold of Numantia and the Gallic stronghold of Alesia.
structures/rome_storehouse.xml:6: Resources and building materials were kept in warehouses.
structures/rome_temple.xml:10: Roman temples in general were not meant for congregational worship. Instead the temple housed a statue of whatever deity the temple was dedicated to and what was needed to carry out the ceremonial and cultic practice necessary for worship. Any actual worship activity was performed outside.
structures/rome_temple_mars.xml:14: Roman temples in general were not meant for congregational worship. Instead the temple housed a statue of whatever deity the temple was dedicated to and what was needed to carry out the ceremonial and cultic practice necessary for worship. Any actual worship activity was performed outside.
structures/rome_wall_gate.xml:10: Rome had a number of gates piercing its city walls. One of the most famous of these was the Appian Gate.
structures/rome_wall_long.xml:30: Roman city walls used a number of innovations to thwart besiegers.
structures/rome_wall_medium.xml:24: Roman city walls used a number of innovations to thwart besiegers.
structures/rome_wall_short.xml:11: Roman city walls used a number of innovations to thwart besiegers.
structures/rome_wallset_siege.xml:9: Quick building, but expensive wooden and earthen walls used to surround and siege an enemy town or fortified position. The most famous examples are the Roman sieges of the Iberian stronghold of Numantia and the Gallic stronghold of Alesia.
structures/rome_wallset_stone.xml:6: Roman city walls used a number of innovations to thwart besiegers.
structures/sele_blacksmith.xml:6: The earliest Greek smiths worked in copper, then bronze, and then finally iron.
structures/sele_civil_centre.xml:6: The most important place in most Hellenistic cities, the Agora served many purposes; it was a place for public speeches and was the stage for civic life and commercial interests.
structures/sele_corral.xml:10: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food.
structures/sele_defense_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/sele_dock.xml:10: Greece is a sea country, which is why some of the greatest Hellenic and Hellenistic cities like Ephesus, Corinth, Alexandria and Antioch were built by the sea. It should also be noted that all colonies during the Great Colonization were thriving port centers, which traded with the local population.
structures/sele_farmstead.xml:13: Grain wasn't plentiful in Hellas, which is why it was carefully stored in granaries, some of it being reserved for times of siege.
structures/sele_field.xml:6: A farmer's field. The Hellenes were not reknowned as farmers and preferred to herd livestock instead.
structures/sele_fortress.xml:11: Fortresses were built to guard passes and atop hills in order to command plains and valleys below.
structures/sele_house.xml:6: Hellenic houses from the Classical Age were generally humble yet stylish. During the Hellenistic Age, however, luxurious palaces and estates became commonplace in the rich Hellenistic metropolises like Antioch, Alexandria and Seleucia.
structures/sele_market.xml:6: Most Hellenistic cities were centers of trade. The Emporion is the Hellenistic marketplace, where commerce and trading occur. Economic technologies may be researched here as well.
structures/sele_military_colony.xml:9: The Seleucid kings invited Greeks, Macedonians, Galatians (Gauls), Cretans, and Thracians alike to settle in within the vast territories of the empire. They settled in military colonies called cleruchies (klēroukhia). Under this arrangement, the settlers were given a plot of land, or a kleros, and in return were required to serve in the great king's army when called to duty. This created a upper-middle class of military settlers who owed their livelihoods and fortunes to the Syrian kings and helped grow the available manpower for the imperial Seleucid army. A side effect of this system was that it drained the Greek homeland of military-aged men, a contributing factor to Greece's eventual conquest by Rome.
structures/sele_storehouse.xml:6: Resources and building materials were kept in warehouses.
structures/sele_wall_long.xml:11: All Hellenistic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/sele_wall_medium.xml:11: All Hellenistic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/sele_wall_short.xml:11: All Hellenistic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/sele_wall_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/sele_wallset_stone.xml:6: All Hellenistic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/sele_wonder.xml:13: About 6 kilometres West of the Seleucid capital city of Antioch lay the Paradise of Daphne, a park of woods and waters, in the midst of which rose a great temple to the Pythian Apollo, also founded by Seleucus I and enriched with a cult-statue of the god. The beauty and the lax morals of Daphne were celebrated all over the Western world; and indeed Antioch as a whole shared in both these titles to fame. Its amenities awoke both the enthusiasm and the scorn of many writers of antiquity.
structures/spart_barracks.xml:19: The Stratigeion was the main military headquarters, where important decisions were taken and plans for battles discussed by the Hellene Generals, or "Strategoi".
structures/spart_blacksmith.xml:6: The earliest Greek smiths worked in copper, then bronze, and then finally iron.
structures/spart_civil_centre.xml:9: The most important place in most Classical Greek poleis, the Agora served many purposes; it was a place for public speeches and was the stage for civic life and commercial interests.
structures/spart_corral.xml:10: A place for a farmer to pen his animals. Garrison a sheep, goat, or cow here to gain a trickle of the food resource. Garrisoning an animal here also "fattens" them so that they may be slaughtered and gathered for a quick burst of food.
structures/spart_defense_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/spart_dock.xml:13: Greece is a sea country, which is why some of the greatest Hellenic and Hellenistic cities like Ephesus, Corinth, Alexandria and Antioch were built by the sea. It should also be noted that all colonies during the Great Colonization were thriving port center, which traded with the local population.
structures/spart_farmstead.xml:13: Grain wasn't plentiful in Hellas, which is why it was carefully stored in granaries, some of it being reserved for times of siege.
structures/spart_field.xml:6: A farmer's field. The Hellenes were not reknowned as farmers and preferred to herd livestock instead.
structures/spart_fortress.xml:11: The Akropolis was usually a fortified citadel in the upper part of the city. The Athenian Akropolis was renowned for its marvelous temples, among which was the Parthenon, while the Acro-Corinthus was highly prized by the Macedonians for its strategic location and good defenses. Fortresses (also called a "phrourion") were also built to guard passes and atop hills in order to command plains and valleys below.
structures/spart_gerousia.xml:24: The Gerontía (called Gerousía in Athens) is the meeting place for the 30 elected city elders. Of the 30 members, 2 of them were the hereditary Spartan kings, one each from the Agiad and the Eurypontid clans.
structures/spart_house.xml:6: Spartan houses were known to be particularly simple because of two laws of Lycurgus. The first enforced that the roofs only be crafted with an axe, and the second made doors only constructed with saws as tools. (Plutarch 13) These generally made Spartans more likely to furnish their homes with plain furniture to match their homes. This helped give rise to the term 'spartan' which means 'sparse.'
structures/spart_market.xml:6: Most Hellenic cities were centers of trade. The Emporion is the Hellenic marketplace, where commerce and trading occur. Economic technologies may be researched here as well.
structures/spart_storehouse.xml:6: Resources and building materials were kept in warehouses.
structures/spart_syssiton.xml:28: The Syssítia were where full-blooded Spartans, even Spartan kings, were barracked and dined together.
structures/spart_temple.xml:10: An asclepeion (or asklepieion) was a healing temple, sacred to the god Asclepius.
structures/spart_wall_long.xml:11: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/spart_wall_medium.xml:11: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/spart_wall_short.xml:11: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/spart_wall_tower.xml:10: Towers were an important part of city fortifications. The defending troops shot arrows at the enemy and poured boiling oil over the assailants.
structures/spart_wallset_stone.xml:6: All Hellenic cities were surrounded by stone walls for protection against enemy raids. Some of these fortifications, like the Athenian Long Walls, for example, were massive structures.
structures/spart_wonder.xml:16: The Hellenes built marvelous temples in order to honour their polytheistic pantheon. While all gods were venerated, a specific patron deity was supposed to watch over each polis.
template_gaia_flora_bush_berry.xml:11: Gathering berries is done by many primates, and was also a primary food source in prehistoric times. But due to agriculture and livestock breeding, it only served as supplementary food source in the ancient world.
template_structure_civic_hellenic_royal_stoa.xml:35: A structure built for civic purposes. Stoas eventually became meeting places for philosophy and commerce. They were usually built within the Agora, or city center, of a Greek city.
template_structure_resource_field.xml:29: Farming originated around 9500 BC in India and the Middle East. The history of agriculture is a central element of human history, as agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in worldwide socio-economic change. Wealth-building and militaristic specializations rarely seen in hunter-gatherer cultures are commonplace in agricultural and agro-industrial societies - when farmers became capable of producing food beyond the needs of their own families, others in the tribe/nation/empire were freed to devote themselves to projects other than food acquisition.
template_structure_special_library.xml:20: Alexander the Great founded libraries all over his new empire. These became centers of learning for an entirely new synthesized culture: the Hellenistic culture.
template_structure_special_rotarymill.xml:25: The Celts developed the first rotary flour mill.
template_structure_special_theatron.xml:28: Greek theatres were places where the immortal tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles and many other talented dramatists were staged to the delight of the populace. They were instrumental in enriching Hellenic culture and spreading its influence.
template_unit_cavalry_melee_spearman.xml:18: This was the weapon of choice from horseback. This was the unit that would eventually evolve to the medieval knight (after heavy influence by the Sarmartians and their lances). Infantry were an easy kill; just ride them down and skewer them with your stick and its point on the end. As with all cavalry - it was only the rich and the nobles who were able to fight from horseback due to the cost of owning such a beast.
template_unit_cavalry_melee_swordsman.xml:25: Fighting from horseback with a sword is a tricky thing to do. This required usage of a sword that was longer than the typical infantry sword. One needed a good reach to attack from the height of a horse. If you were without spear (the ideal weapon of choice) it was probably because you needed your hands free to do other tasks such as riding hard and fast. It wasn't uncommon for the men to dismount and attack from foot if they were armed with only a sword.
template_unit_cavalry_ranged_archer.xml:25: A very rare unit in Part 1. It was used by the Persians, but it didn't gain much traction until the Parthians, Huns, Mongols, and other people of the nomadic steeps introduced them to Western Europe. This was the most effective unit on the battlefield for several hundred years until the well armored knight came along. Therefore, this unit will gain much more prominence in Part 2.
template_unit_cavalry_ranged_javelinist.xml:25: The javelins thrown from a horse's back were probably 3 at most. The idea was to quickly advance with 3 in hand, then throw them all. After you had done that it was time to switch to your secondary weapon which was usually a spear or a sword. However, in the game these units will only have ranged attack.
template_unit_champion_elephant.xml:29: War elephants were used by many Eastern and African cultures.
template_unit_champion_infantry_pikeman.xml:36: Pike, or sarissa, infantry were developed by Philip II of Macedon based on the hoplite of the Greek city-states. The Macedonian pikemen, or phalangites, wielded an extra long spear (sarissa) approximatly 4 to 7 meters (13–21 feet) in length. Because of it's length and weight, the pike required the use of both hands, so the shield was slung over the pikeman's shoulder with a leather strap. Front-line pikemen of the age were generally highly-armored, while those in the back lines were lightly armored. Such pike-wielding troops were employed by numerous states, from Carthage to Syria, and were used to fix enemy infantry in position while the army's cavalry worked to turn the enemy flanks.
template_unit_infantry_melee_pikeman.xml:29: Pike, or sarissa, infantry were developed by Philip II of Macedon based on the hoplite of the Greek city-states. The Macedonian pikemen, or phalangites, wielded an extra long spear (sarissa) approximatly 4 to 7 meters (13–21 feet) in length. Because of it's length and weight, the pike required the use of both hands, so the shield was slung over the pikeman's shoulder with a leather strap. Front-line pikemen of the age were generally highly-armored, while those in the back lines were lightly armored. Such pike-wielding troops were employed by numerous states, from Carthage to Syria, and were used to fix enemy infantry in position while the army's cavalry worked to turn the enemy flanks.
template_unit_infantry_melee_spearman.xml:27: Probably one of the most primitive units in the game. Fighting with a sharp object at the end of the pole didn't require a lot of technology to develop. It also allowed the human to distance themselves from their attacker. As time passed the spears got longer and longer. Started with a fighting style similar to using a quarterstaff, then to using them in numbers as a 'pin cushion' vs. humans (sarissa in a phalanx). Later it was developed to combat cavalry. During the medieval period it evolved to the pike. These units tended to be armored as heavily as possible.
template_unit_infantry_melee_swordsman.xml:25: Weapon is basically a developed sickle. Probably from the club, to the axe, to the sickle to the sword. It was the Romans who used them to combat the long range of the sarissa. Their spears were so long they had to use two hands to wield them. In a formation they were almost impossible to maneuver. If flanked, they were easily cut down by a sword as demonstrated by the Romans at the battle of Cynoscephalae. Generally swordsmen were well armored, had shields, and tended to be nobles. A good sword was an expensive weapon.
template_unit_infantry_ranged_archer.xml:29: They tended to be lightly armored. They usually only participated in the first stage of a battle, sending a volley of arrows raining down the enemy. Of course they would have to stop shooting once the melee units closed in. This means their job was largely over once the 'true battle' was underway. They spent hours training with a bow, but if you were hit by an arrow it was more likely an act of random chance than being specifically targeted by an archer.
template_unit_infantry_ranged_javelinist.xml:28: These were the skirmishers. These lightly armored units would advance quickly, throw a hail of javelins and then retreat back to their ranks. Grab another spear and repeat. They would do well against any unit that wasn't wearing proper armor, but more poorly if they fought hand to hand vs a well armored unit. They didn't always have to throw their spears either. They used these light small spears in hand to hand similar to a quarterstaff. Also note that the development of the pilum was a key transition. The pilum was a weapon with a long steel shaft that would sink into a shield and was nearly impossible to remove. This rendered the shield useless. They also weighted and balanced them to make them accurately hit with a punch.
template_unit_support_female_citizen.xml:48: Women in the ancient world took on a variety of roles - from leadership (Celts) to servant (Greeks). Women are hard workers, the economic backbone of any civilization. In history, it was typical when all the males (capable of fighting) were killed for the females, children, and elderly to be sold as slaves.
template_unit_support_trader.xml:17: Trade was a very important part of ancient civilization - effective trading and control of trade routes equaled wealth. Trade took place by many forms from foot to caravans to merchant ships. One of the most notorious examples of the power of trade was the Silk Road.
units/athen_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:8: Prodromoi were the light scouts of Greek armies.
units/athen_cavalry_swordsman_b.xml:9: Cavalry were made up of the upper class since they were the only ones who could afford the breeding and caring for horses. Initially they were missile troops who avoided close combat, throwing javelins and spears at enemy troops. Later on thanks to developments by the Macedonians they began to close with enemy troops to use their swords. As with all ancient horsemen the Hippeus did not have stirrups or a saddle.
units/athen_champion_ranged.xml:8: The Athenian employed Scythian archers as city police and auxillary troops.
units/athen_hero_pericles.xml:12: Pericles was the foremost Athenian politician of the 5th Century.
units/athen_hero_themistocles.xml:12: The general whom persuaded the Athenians to invest their income from silver mines in a war navy of 200 Triremes. A key figure during the Persian Wars, he commanded the victorious Athenian navy at the decisive battle of Salamis in 479 BC. Later, he pursued an active policy against the Persians in the Aegean, thereby laying the foundations of future Athenian power. Ostracised by the Athenians, he was forced to flee to the protection of the Persians.
units/athen_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:25: Peltasts were javelinists originating in Thrace but their form of combat was widely copied by the Hellenes, Macedonians, and Persians. Equipped with a small oval or crescent shield, a peltast would charge at enemy formations whilst hurling his javelins then fall back to avoid close combat. They wore no armor and were at a significant disadvantage against heavy infantry and cavalry, relying on their speed and skill for survival. Thracians sold their services to Hellene cities as mercenaries and added a much needed ranged and skirmishing ability to Hellenic armies.
units/athen_infantry_marine_archer_b.xml:25: Mercenary archers from the big island of Crete. They were widely regarded as the best archers in all of Hellas and had a long tradition of hiring themselves out to Hellenic states such as Athens for use aboard Triremes naval vessels. Alexander hired them to accompany him on his world conquest march and while in his service they dueled admirably with the greatly feared eastern archers.
units/athen_infantry_spearman_b.xml:23: Hoplites were the very symbol of Hellenic prestige and citizenship, armed with a spear and a large round bronze-coated shield known as an aspis. Armor was heavy, with bronze helmets and a cuirass of either bronze or linen, in addition to greaves. Hoplites fought in a tight formation called a phalanx, guarding each other with their shields while they attacked the enemy with their 2.5 meter spear or short iron sword.
units/athen_ship_bireme.xml:7: Penteconters were employed from 800 BC, mostly as a light support unit in the Greek navy. After 600 BC, they were only seen in battle in very limited numbers. They were still in use by small states which could not afford a sufficient number of triremes for their navy.
units/athen_ship_merchant.xml:10: Athens always relied upon the sea for trade, but when the commercial harbor at Piraeus was constructed in the 470s BC, maritime commerce increased exponentially. The growing population of Attica required grain imports from Egypt and the Athenian military colonies (Kleurukia) from the Bosporus and the formation of the Delian League headed by Athens helped clear the shipping lanes of pirates and hostile forces from Persia.
units/athen_ship_trireme.xml:7: The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme, the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more maneuverable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory.
units/athen_support_female_citizen.xml:7: Greek women were kept under tight control by their husbands, rarely leaving the home for anything beyond the necessities of daily life. They could not own anything or be involved in any business or legal transaction. They acted as household cook, nurse, seamstress, and early educator to young children. Spartan women were an exception to the normal code of conduct and enjoyed many freedoms.
units/athen_support_healer_b.xml:8: The art of medicine was widely practised in Classical Greece. Hippocrates was the first physician to separate religion and superstition from actual medicine, and many others followed his lead.
units/athen_support_slave.xml:6: Slavery played a major role in ancient civilization.
units/athen_support_trader.xml:11: Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia.
units/brit_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:8: The Celts were extremely proficient horsemen and created excellent tack for their mounts. This included an early form of saddle with horns at each corner, giving them a huge edge in terms or control over their counterparts. Since the cavalry was made up of rich nobles armor and fine weapons were in great supply, making them formidable opponents.
units/brit_cavalry_swordsman_b.xml:8: Like a sword, a horse was a sign of nobility and as a result the Celtic cavalry was often better equipped than the infantry. Armor and helmets were common, while weapons consisted of a large bladed spear and a long slashing sword for close combat. Shields could be round, hexagonal, or oval, but the most common was a regular oval body shield with the top and bottom shorn off. Unlike other horseman, the Celts were not afraid to leap off their mount to fight on foot then climb into the saddle again when possible.
units/brit_champion_cavalry.xml:13: The Britons were one of the last European peoples to use two-horse chariots in combat. They had two iron-rimmed wheels and a flat riding platform that typically carried a driver and a warrior. Useless as shock weapons against tightly packed troops, they were useful for running down individual soldiers and as a stable mount to launch javelins from. The heads of defeated opponents often adorned the chassis to show the warrior's prowess.
units/brit_champion_infantry.xml:8: Two-handed swordsmen from Briton. These men are veteran soldiers who offer their lives in service to their Brythonic lords.
units/brit_hero_boudicca.xml:16: Ammianus Marcellinus described how difficult it would be for a band of foreigners to deal with a Celt if he called in the help of his wife. For she was stronger than he was and could rain blows and kicks upon the assailants equal in force to the shots of a catapult. Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, was said to be 'very tall and terrifying in appearance; her voice was very harsh and a great mass of red hair fell over her shoulders. She wore a tunic of many colors over which a thick cloak was fastened by a brooch.
units/brit_hero_boudicca_sword.xml:11: Ammianus Marcellinus described how difficult it would be for a band of foreigners to deal with a Celt if he called in the help of his wife. For she was stronger than he was and could rain blows and kicks upon the assailants equal in force to the shots of a catapult. Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, was said to be 'very tall and terrifying in appearance; her voice was very harsh and a great mass of red hair fell over her shoulders. She wore a tunic of many colors over which a thick cloak was fastened by a brooch.
units/brit_hero_caratacos.xml:9: Caratacos's name is better known in its Romanized form, Caratacus. Under this name he is remembered as a fierce defender of Britain against the Romans after their invasion in 43 AD. Son of King Cunobelin of the Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacos fought for nine years against the Romans with little success, eventually fleeing to the tribes in Wales, where he was defeated decisively. Finally he entered Northern Britain, where was handed over to the Romans. Taken to Rome, Caratacos was allowed to live by the Emperor Claudius and died in Italy.
units/brit_hero_cunobelin.xml:9: Cunobelin was a powerful ruler centered in the territory around modern day London. Ruling the Catuvellauni from Camulodunum, he was a warrior king who conquered a neighboring tribe and was referred to by the Romans as the King of the Britons. Eventually Cunobelin retired to become the arch-druid of Siluria, but was taken to Rome with his son upon Caratacos's capture. According to legend, the Apostle Paul baptized Cunobelin into Christianity before he died in Italy.
units/brit_hero_cunobelin_infantry.xml:9: Cunobelin was a powerful ruler centered in the territory around modern day London. Ruling the Catuvellauni from Camulodunum, he was a warrior king who conquered a neighboring tribe and was referred to by the Romans as the King of the Britons. Eventually Cunobelin retired to become the arch-druid of Siluria, but was taken to Rome with his son upon Caratacos's capture. According to legend, the Apostle Paul baptized Cunobelin into Christianity before he died in Italy.
units/brit_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:15: Gesatae were young men who devoted themselves to war, often serving as mercenaries for other tribes. They were the last Celts to fight stark naked to show their courage, often carrying only a shield with several javelins and a regular Celtic spear. More often than not they were covered in geometric designs painted in woad, a blue dye.
units/brit_infantry_slinger_b.xml:16: Sling bullets are found in enormous numbers in Celtic sites, made of lead, though clay bullets would also have been used. Slings figure prominently in Celtic myth, and were not associated with any sense of shame. To the contrary, the great skill needed to use a sling well was highly rewarded and favored, so they found much more use in Celtic society for a ranged weapon than bows, outside of specific tribes. The god Lugos, in Irish myth Lug, is associated closely with many weapons, among them his sling. Slings were the primary weapon of Celtic hunters as well.
units/brit_infantry_spearman_b.xml:16: The spear was the main weapon of the Celts, arming the bulk of their forces. The average Celt would only have to take up his long spear and body shield to be ready for battle. While armor was rare, the rabid fighting spirit of the Celts more than made up for in vigor what was lost in protection.
units/brit_mechanical_siege_ram.xml:10: Celtic assaults on fortified positions were relegated largely to three methods. Creating a shell of shields and setting fire to gatehouses, sapping, at which they were noted as being most expert by Caesar, and rams, known only from votive inscriptions and some Celtic art.
units/brit_ship_merchant.xml:10: These very small boats were used mainly for fishing, but they were also used to transport goods and personnel. The shell is wickerwork, covered with animal hides. Now they are exclusive to Ireland. They do not have a keel, but are able to ride large ocean waves and navigate up shallow rivers. First written account was by Julius Caesar in 100 BC. There were rumours of larger hide boats, but they were not documented with any solid proof.
units/brit_ship_trireme.xml:20: The ships of Gaul were described by Julias Caesar as: flat bottoms to ride the shallows, exceptionally high bows and sterns, hulls were made entirely of oak, the foot wide cross-timbers were fastened with iron bolts as thick as a man's thumb, sails of raw hides or thin leather, adapted for sailing treacherous and stormy waters of the north atlantic. Caesar could not injure them by ramming because they were so solidly built, and their height made it difficult to reach them with missiles or board them with grappling irons.
units/brit_support_female_citizen.xml:13: Brythonic women enjoyed many freedoms, especially compared to their Greek and Roman counterparts. Although they did not fight in battle as some believed, they were able to own property and were capable of gaining considerable wealth. Some noblewomen took over power when their husband's died, such as Boudicca of the Iceni. In addition, family trees were drawn up along female lines, men claiming their ancestry through female ancestors.
units/brit_support_healer_b.xml:7: A druid may be one of many different professions; priest, historian, lawyer, judges, teachers, philosophers, poets, composers, musicians, astronomers, prophets, councilors, high craftsmen like a blacksmith, the classes of the 'men of art', and sometimes kings, chieftains, or other politicians. Druids were very hierarchical, with classes and ranks based on the length of their education and what fields they practiced. They learned their trades through mnemonics by way of poetry and songs, as writing was rarely used by Celts outside of prayers on votive objects, or lists of names for migratory records.
units/brit_support_trader.xml:10: Celtic traders were known for trafficking in many different goods. These could range from metal work and iron objects to slaves. Indeed, Britain proved to be a steady supply of slaves for the Romans. In trade the Celts often received Roman weapons, armor, and tools. Celtic traders were usually land bound, traveling on foot or by animal.
units/brit_war_dog_b.xml:7: The Celts used large dogs such as mastiffs or wolfhounds in combat, especially against enemy cavalry. The Romans were very impressed with the strength and ferocity of these dogs. Many were brought back to Rome for the gladiator arena or to serve as guard dogs.
units/cart_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:8: The Carthaginians possessed the greatest light cavalry of the ancient world in the Numidians. Tough and hardy like their mounts, the Numidians were famous for their ability to ride bareback and without bridles. Riders controlled their horses through a combination of voice commands, knee pressure, and a rope around the animals' necks. Used mostly for pursuing defeated opponents, the Numidians' favored weapon was a javelin that could be used for close combat if necessary.
units/cart_cavalry_spearman_ital_b.xml:16: The Italian allies of Carthage included the various Samnite tribes of the interior hill-country and Italiote Greek colonies along the Southern coast. They provided a much-needed and high-quality cavalry contingent for Hannibal's army.
units/cart_cavalry_swordsman_gaul_b.xml:16: Like a sword, a horse was a sign of nobility and as a result the Celtic cavalry was often better equipped than the infantry. Armor and helmets were common, while weapons consisted of a large bladed spear and a long slashing sword for close combat. Shields could be round, hexagonal, or oval, but the most common was a regular oval body shield with the top and bottom shorn off. Unlike other horseman, the Celts were not afraid to leap off their mount to fight on foot then climb into the saddle again when possible.
units/cart_cavalry_swordsman_iber_b.xml:16: Along with the Gauls, Iberians formed the Carthaginian heavy cavalry, closing with their opponents at every opportunity. Armed with long-bladed spears and short curved sabers known as falcata, the Iberians were no strangers to fighting on horseback. On many occasions they routed opposing cavalry but usually did not pursue them, preferring to remain close to the main army.
units/cart_champion_cavalry.xml:7: The Sacred Band of Astarte was an elite cavalry regiment recruited from amongst the upper class of the city.
units/cart_champion_elephant.xml:8: By far the most famous of Carthaginian weapons was the small, ugly, and now extinct, North African forest elephants. Going into battle without a war tower carrying only a driver, Carthaginian war elephants were used as terror weapons: horses could not stand their smell, inexperienced troops were frightened, and the havoc they could cause was immense. Yet by the time of the Second Punic War elephants were at the end of their time. Armies had learned the weaknesses of the giant beasts, specifically how to hamstring and confuse them. More often than not a war elephant could be just as dangerous to its own side as the enemy.
units/cart_champion_infantry.xml:7: The Sacred Band was a group of elite infantry dedicated to the service of the Phoenician god Ba'al. In addition to providing crack troops, the unit trained Carthaginians aspiring to command Punic mercenary armies. Specially picked troops carried the unit standard emblazoned with the symbols of Carthage into battle.
units/cart_champion_pikeman.xml:7: The Sacred Band was a group of elite troops dedicated to the service of the Phoenician god Ba'al. In addition to providing crack troops, the unit trained Carthaginians aspiring to command Punic mercenary armies. Specially picked troops carried the unit standard emblazoned with the symbols of Carthage into battle.
units/cart_hero_hamilcar.xml:10: Father of Hannibal and virtual military dictator of Carthage. Hamilcar Barca was a soldier and politician who excelled along his entire career. Lived 275-228 BC. While overshadowed by his sons, Hamilcar was great general in his own right, earning the nickname Baraq or Barca for the "lightning" speed of his advance.
units/cart_hero_hannibal.xml:10: Carthage's most famous son. Hannibal Barca was the eldest son of Hamilcar Barca and proved an even greater commander than his father. Lived 247-182 BC. While he ultimately lost the Second Punic War, his victories at Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae, and the feat of crossing the Alps have secured his position as among the best tacticians and strategists in history.
units/cart_hero_maharbal.xml:10: Maharbal was Hannibal Barca's "brash young cavalry commander" during the 2nd Punic War. He is credited with turning the wing of the legions at Cannae resulting in defeat in which 30,000 of 50,000 Romans were lost, as well as significant contributions to the winning of many other battles during the 2nd Punic War. He is known for having said, after the battle of Cannae, "Hannibal, you know how to win the victory; just not what to do with it."
units/cart_infantry_archer_b.xml:17: The Mauritanians are said to have supplied good archers to the armies of Carthage. Probably kin of the Berbers. The Romans similarly hired and appreciated Mauritanian archery skills.
units/cart_infantry_javelinist_iber_b.xml:25: While Iberians had often served as mercenaries in earlier times, after Carthage's conquest of Spain they were often called up as levies. After the Celts they were considered the most expendable of all the troops in the Carthaginian army, used to dull the force of a charging formation. Armed with a javelin that could have a bundle of burning grass attached at the end for torching buildings, the Iberians could also wear light breastplates called pectorals in addition to their distinctive sinew caps.
units/cart_infantry_slinger_iber_b.xml:25: Levied from the Balearic Islands off Spain, these slingers proved to be the greatest the world ever produced, capable of hurling jagged rocks over distances that archers could not match. It was a Balearic slinger that heavily wounded the Roman consul Paullus at the beginning of the bloody battle at Cannae. Stones flung from slings were able to crush and puncture through armor at long ranges, be it iron or bronze.
units/cart_infantry_spearman_b.xml:17: The core of the Carthaginian army was made up of Liby-Phoenicians, Africans with Phoenician ancestors. The wealthy residents of Carthage recruited the non-citizen Liby-Phoenicians as heavy infantry, fighting in the phalanx armed with the long spear. Armor could range from chain mail hauberks to bronze cuirasses and helmets often included the latest Hellenistic types. Although armed with a shield and a sword, Carthaginian swordsmen were woefully ill-trained compared to their Roman or Iberian counterparts in fencing.
units/cart_infantry_swordsman_gaul_b.xml:25: Hannibal hired Celtic mercenaries when he invaded Italy in 218 BC, recruited from the Gallic tribesmen in the northern third of the country. Fierce and physically imposing thanks to their height the Celtic soldiers attacked their opponents with swords and spears in a solid wave. They were capable of changing formations and despite their usual lack of body armor they were quite capable of hacking down their opponents.
units/cart_ship_bireme.xml:11: The Phoenicians/Carthaginians were the first to develop 'bireme technology' by taking the pentakonter and 'cutting it in half' then stacking two rows of oarsmen tiered atop the other, producing a ship half the length that was more maneouvreable and faster in the water. The ram section at the bow was built to look like a sea monster swimming through the water in order to terrorise superstitious potential competitors. They were also fed tall tales of such denizens in a propaganda effort to mislead and frighten off others who might consider following them into unknown waters.
units/cart_ship_fishing.xml:6: Fishing for the Carthaginians was much the same as it was for the Phoenicians from whom they were descended. Being primarily a sea power, fishing was one of Carthage’s primary means of food supply. The main fishing boat used was a medium sized (about 20 feet) row and sail boat.
units/cart_ship_merchant.xml:10: The entire purpose of the Phoenicians/Carthaginians was to conduct trade and commerce principally upon the sea (though not limited to that as far as Carthage was concerned).
units/cart_ship_quinquereme.xml:7: The Carthaginians were long in the forefront of ship technology, maintaining the largest fleet in the Mediterranean for centuries. Their Quinquereme was also the best on the water and essentially unchallengeable until the Romans built a Quinquereme largely from Carthaginian design (having 'captured' a grounded ship of its type) then later developed the corvus boarding ramp for it.
units/cart_ship_trireme.xml:7: Triremes (and later Quinqueremes) were a longtime mainstay of the Phoenician/Carthaginian fleet that was the largest maintained on the Mediterranean Sea, also ranging out into the Atlantic as protection for its Merchantmen. The Athenian Greeks were the only ones to build a faster ship of this type.
units/cart_support_female_citizen.xml:7: Unlike many ancient cities, Carthage was found by a woman; Queen Dido, hailing originally from Tyre. Carthaginian women were famous for their beauty and were capable of extremely hard physical work. The records written about the Third Punic War mentioned that all citizens of Carthage, including the women, worked incessantly to manufacture weapons and prepare the city for siege. The women even cut their own hair for use in the springs of artillery pieces.
units/cart_support_healer_b.xml:8: Tanit (also spelled TINITH, TINNIT, or TINT), chief goddess of Carthage, equivalent of Astarte. Although she seems to have had some connection with the heavens, she was also a mother goddess, and fertility symbols often accompany representations of her. She was probably the consort of Baal Hammon (or Amon), the chief god of Carthage, and was often given the attribute "face of Baal." Although Tanit did not appear at Carthage before the 5th century BC, she soon eclipsed the more established cult of Baal Hammon and, in the Carthaginian area at least, was frequently listed before him on the monuments. In the worship of Tanit and Baal Hammon, children, probably firstborn, were sacrificed. Ample evidence of the practice has been found west of Carthage in the precinct of Tanit, where a tofet (a sanctuary for the sacrifice of children) was discovered. Tanit was also worshipped on Malta, Sardinia, and in Spain. There is no other reason for giving the Carthaginians a priestess instead of a priest in 0 A.D., although Tanit was the most popular of their two main gods with the people.
units/cart_support_trader.xml:10: Of all the merchants of the ancient world, the Carthaginians were the most traveled. Their vast fleet of trading ships went as far as Britain and down the coast of West Africa. Culturally sensitive, the Carthaginians would make allowances for the particular customs of their trading partners, some transactions taking place without direct contact or negotiation. Thanks to the long voyages of Carthaginian merchants much territory was explored and even colonized.
units/gaul_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:7: The Celts were extremely proficient horsemen and created excellent tack for their mounts. This included an early form of saddle with horns at each corner, giving them a huge edge in terms or control over their counterparts. Since the cavalry was made up of rich nobles armor and fine weapons were in great supply, making them formidable opponents.
units/gaul_cavalry_swordsman_b.xml:7: Like a sword, a horse was a sign of nobility and as a result the Celtic cavalry was often better equipped than the infantry. Armor and helmets were common, while weapons consisted of a large bladed spear and a long slashing sword for close combat. Shields could be round, hexagonal, or oval, but the most common was a regular oval body shield with the top and bottom shorn off. Unlike other horseman, the Celts were not afraid to leap off their mount to fight on foot then climb into the saddle again when possible.
units/gaul_champion_cavalry.xml:8: In Gaul we know of heavy cavalry, possibly predecessors to later knights. They used a Celtic lance overhand, a good shield, and wore good armor. Vercingetorix was famous for having a number of them, but their use long precedes him. Heavy Celtic horsemen are found in graves as early as the 600s, with scale coats. Later, with the advent of mail, their armor would largely change to this. They would be experienced, aristocratic or noblemen, or their retainers equipped in kind. Each man would probably have several personal attendants. Some would be powerful noblemen, such as chiefs and kings. In battle, they would be on par with much of the best heavy cavalry in western Europe, due to superior armor, such as mail armor with additional layers of mail over the vital organs, weapons such as high-quality iron spearheads, swords, and a thong of javelins, giving them versatility, and years of experience and training. Their historical use saw them capable of breaking even well-defended positions, or acting to great effect in flanking manuevers.
units/gaul_champion_fanatic.xml:21: A fanatic Celtic warrior, devoted to war and his Celtic liege lord. These bloodthirsty young men roamed Gaul in search of battle.
units/gaul_champion_infantry.xml:8: The sword among Celts varies in reputation and commonality. Shortswords, essentially truly just long, broad-bladed daggers, were common, but cheaply made, and most likely the swords refered to as bending after a hard strike, and needing bent back into place. The iron construction of longswords, such as used here, was greatly superior, but also much more expensive. The longsword was primarily a weapon of aristocracy and experienced professional soldiers, who could either afford the weapon, have it made for them by their lord as a reward for service, passed down to them by family, or looted from the field.
units/gaul_hero_brennus.xml:9: Brennus is the name which the Roman historians give to the famous leader of the Gauls who took Rome in the time of Camillus. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, the cleric who wrote “History of the Kings of Britain”, Brennus and his brother Belinus invaded Gaul and sacked Rome in 390 B.C., 'proving' that Britons had conquered Rome, the greatest civilization in the world, long before Rome conquered the Britons. We know from many ancient sources which predate Geoffrey that Rome was indeed sacked, but in 387 not 390, and that the raid was led by a man named Brennus, but he and his invading horde were Gallic Senones, not British. In this episode several features of Geoffrey's editing method can be seen: he modified the historical Brennus, created the brother Belinus, borrowed the Gallic invasion, but omitted the parts where the Celts seemed weak or foolish. His technique is both additive and subtractive. Like the tale of Trojan origin, the story of the sack of Rome is not pure fabrication; it is a creative rearrangement of the available facts, with details added as necessary. By virtue of their historical association, Beli and Bran are often muddled with the earlier brothers Belinus and Brennus (the sons of Dunvallo Molmutius) who contended for power in northern Britain in around 390 B.C., and were regarded as gods in old Celtic tradition.
units/gaul_hero_vercingetorix.xml:9: The most famous of all Celts, Vercingetorix lead the rebelling Gallic tribes against the might of Rome and Julius Caesar's veteran army in 54 BC. Although successful in defeating several Roman forces, Vercingetorix was unable to defeat Caesar, who eventually surrounded the Celtic leaders in the town of Alesia along with 100,000 men. When a relief army arrived to lift the epic siege, the Romans were out numbered 7 to 1 but still defeated the Celts. Vercingetorix surrendered and was executed.
units/gaul_hero_viridomarus.xml:9: The story of how Marcus Claudius Marcellus killed a Gallic leader at Clastidium (222 BC) is typical of such encounters. Advancing with a small army, Marcellus met a combined force of Insubrian Gauls and Gaesatae at Clastidium. The Gallic army advanced with the usual rush and terrifying cries, and their king, Viridomarus, picking out Marcellus by means of his badges of rank, made for him, shouting a challenge and brandishing his spear. Viridomarus was an outstanding figure not only for his size but also for his adornments; for he was resplendent in bright colors and his armor shone with gold and silver. This armor, thought Marcellus, would be a fitting offering to the gods. He charged the Gaul, pierced his bright breastplate and cast him to the ground. It was an easy task to kill Viridomarus and strip him of his armor.
units/gaul_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:13: Gesatae were young men who devoted themselves to war, often serving as mercenaries for other tribes. They were the last Celts to fight stark naked to show their courage, often carrying only a shield with several javelins and a regular Celtic spear. More often than not they were covered in geometric designs painted in woad, a blue dye.
units/gaul_infantry_slinger_b.xml:14: Sling bullets are found in enormous numbers in Celtic sites, made of lead, though clay bullets would also have been used. Slings figure prominently in Celtic myth, and were not associated with any sense of shame. To the contrary, the great skill needed to use a sling well was highly rewarded and favored, so they found much more use in Celtic society for a ranged weapon than bows, outside of specific tribes. The god Lugos, in Irish myth Lug, is associated closely with many weapons, among them his sling. Slings were the primary weapon of Celtic hunters as well.
units/gaul_infantry_spearman_b.xml:13: The spear was the main weapon of the Celts, arming the bulk of their forces. The average Celt would only have to take up his long spear and body shield to be ready for battle. While armor was rare the rabid fighting spirit of the Celts more than made up for in vigor what was lost in protection.
units/gaul_mechanical_siege_ram.xml:10: Celtic assaults on fortified positions were relegated largely to three methods. Creating a shell of shields and setting fire to gatehouses, sapping, at which they were noted as being most expert by Caesar, and rams, known only from votive inscriptions and some Celtic art.
units/gaul_ship_merchant.xml:10: These very small boats were used mainly for fishing, but they were also used to transport goods and personnel. The shell is wickerwork, covered with animal hides. Now they are exclusive to Ireland. They do not have a keel, but are able to ride large ocean waves and navigate up shallow rivers. First written account was by Julius Caesar in 100 BC. There were rumours of larger hide boats, but they were not documented with any solid proof.
units/gaul_ship_trireme.xml:20: The ships of Gaul were described by Julias Caesar as: flat bottoms to ride the shallows, exceptionally high bows and sterns, hulls were made entirely of oak, the foot wide cross-timbers were fastened with iron bolts as thick as a man's thumb, sails of raw hides or thin leather, adapted for sailing treacherous and stormy waters of the north atlantic. Caesar could not injure them by ramming because they were so solidly built, and their height made it difficult to reach them with missiles or board them with grappling irons.
units/gaul_support_female_citizen.xml:12: Gallic women enjoyed many freedoms, especially compared to their Greek and Roman counterparts. Although they did not fight in battle as some believed, they were able to own property and were capable of gaining considerable wealth. Some noblewomen took over power when their husband's died, such as Boudicca of the Iceni. In addition, family trees were drawn up along female lines, men claiming their ancestry through female ancestors.
units/gaul_support_healer_b.xml:7: A druid may be one of many different professions; priest, historian, lawyer, judges, teachers, philosophers, poets, composers, musicians, astronomers, prophets, councilors, high craftsmen like a blacksmith, the classes of the 'men of art', and sometimes kings, chieftains, or other politicians. Druids were very hierarchical, with classes and ranks based on the length of their education and what fields they practiced. They learned their trades through mnemonics by way of poetry and songs, as writing was rarely used by Celts outside of prayers on votive objects, or lists of names for migratory records.
units/gaul_support_trader.xml:10: Celtic traders were known for trafficking in many different goods. These could range from metal work and iron objects to slaves. Indeed, gaulain proved to be a steady supply of slaves for the Romans. In trade the Celts often received Roman weapons, armor, and tools. Celtic traders were usually land bound, traveling on foot or by animal.
units/iber_cavalry_spearman_b.xml:8: Armed like the light infantry, Iberian cavalry were often pursued as mercenaries, especially by the Carthaginians. Mounted on excellent horses and wielding high-grade swords they were capable of taking on heavy or light cavalry. As with all Iberians armor was scarce, but they wore the ubiquitous sinew caps made famous by the peoples of the peninsula.
units/iber_champion_cavalry.xml:14: Elite warriors known as The Devoted were adept warriors who could be either infantry or cavalry. Adding to their already considerable skill, The Devoted were renowned for the experience in foreign wars, often in the service of the Carthaginians. Considering that Iberian troops were commonly used as cannon fodder gives some idea of just how good these fierce warriors had to be in order to survive. These cavalrymen skirmish with flaming javelins, giving them a rare siege ability.
units/iber_champion_infantry.xml:8: The Devoted were war-hardened veterans of Iberian mercenaries hired out by foreign powers to fight in far-off conflicts. Fighting with and against diverse types of opponents, these men were deeply knowledgeable about various fighting styles and tactics. Once they had returned home from combat they were lavishly taken care of, rising to important positions in society.
units/iber_hero_caros.xml:10: Caros was a chief of the Belli tribe located just east of the Celtiberi (Numantines at the center). Leading the confederated tribes of the meseta central (central upland plain) he concealed 20,000 foot and 5,000 mounted troops along a densely wooded track. Q. Fulvius Nobilior neglected proper reconnaissance and lead his army into the trap strung out in a long column. Some 10,000 of 15,000 Roman legionaries fell in the massive ambush that was sprung upon them. The date was 23 August of 153 BCE, the day when Rome celebrated the feast of Vulcan. By later Senatorial Decree it was ever thereafter known as dies ater, a 'sinister day', and Rome never again fought a battle on the 23rd of August. Caros was wounded in a small cavalry action the same evening and died soon thereafter, but he had carried off one of the most humiliating defeats that Rome ever suffered.
units/iber_hero_indibil.xml:9: Indibil was king of the Ilegetes, a large federation ranged principally along the Ebro River in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. During the Barcid expansion, from 212 BCE he had initially been talked into allying himself with the Carthaginians who hade taken control of a lot of territory to the south and west, however after loss and his capture in a major battle he was convinced, some say tricked, to switch to the Roman side by Scipio Africanus. But that alliance didn't last long, as Roman promises were hollow and the Romans acted more like conquerors than allies. So, while the Romans and their allies had ended Carthaginian presence in 'Hispania' in 206 BCE, Indibil and another tribal prince by the name of Mandonio, who may have been his brother, rose up in rebellion against the Romans. They were defeated in battle, but rose up in a 2nd even larger rebellion that had unified all the Ilergetes again in 205 BCE. Outnumbered and outarmed they were again defeated, Indibil losing his life in the final battle and Mandonio being captured then later put to death. From that date onward the Ilergetes remained a pacified tribe under Roman rule.
units/iber_hero_viriato.xml:10: Viriato, like Vercingentorix amongst the Gauls, was the most famous of the Iberian tribal war leaders, having conducted at least 7 campaigns against the Romans in the southern half of the peninsula during the 'Lusitani Wars' from 147 to 139 BCE. He surfaced as a survivor of the treacherous massacre of 9,000 men and the selling into slavery of 21,000 elderly, women, and children of the Lusitani. They had signed a treaty of peace with the Romans, conducted by Servius Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania Ulterior, as the 'final solution' to the Lusitani problem. He emerged from humble beginnings in 151 BCE to become war chief of the Lusitani. He was intelligent and a superior tactician, never really defeated in any encounter (though suffered losses in some requiring retreat). He succumbed instead to another treachery arranged by a later Roman commander, Q. Servilius Caepio, to have him assassinated by three comrades that were close to him.
units/iber_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:12: Iberians, especially the Lusitanians, were good at ranged combat and ambushing enemy columns. They throw heavy iron javelins and sometimes even add burning pitch to them, making them good as a cheap siege weapon.
units/iber_infantry_slinger_b.xml:13: Iberian slingers were the undisputed masters of the weapon and extracted a high toll of the enemy. Going into combat scantily clad at best, the slinger carried three slings tied around his waist, each of a different length allowing him to attack opponents from all ranges. Unlike other cultures, the Iberian slingers threw rocks instead of specially made lead shot.
units/iber_infantry_spearman_b.xml:13: A long-bladed spear was a chief melee weapon of the Iberian infantry, often used after the javelins had been thrown. Typically carried by infantry known as scutarii for their long oval body shields, the spearmen would close in formation to attack their opponents. Usually lightly armored, they were quick and had a ferocious reputation.
units/iber_infantry_swordsman_b.xml:13: The Iberians were master sword-smiths and the falcata was their greatest creation. Wielded by superb swordsmen equipped with light armor and a buckler known as a caetra, they caused untold carnage. Thanks to this Iberian infantry were fast and agile unlike many of their opponents and could bite hard when they attacked. Their skill with sword and buckler were legendary, allowing them to go toe-to-toe with heavy infantry.
units/iber_mechanical_siege_ram.xml:10: It is not known if any of the Iberians culture tribes used rams; the unit is added to the civ roster for gameplay purposes.
units/iber_ship_fishing.xml:6: There is still much unknown about fishing among the Iberians. We do know that fishing was very important in Iberia, and many modern day fishing villages share the same site with ancient Iberian fishing villages.
units/iber_ship_merchant.xml:10: The Iberians, especially along the western and northwestern coasts of the peninsula, had been trading by sea with peoples in North Africa, Western Europe along the coast of Gaul and the British Isles by boat well back into the 2nd millennium BC. As such, their ships were very seaworthy, crossing stretches of the Atlantic Ocean (while they are not known to have traded by sea in the Mediterranean). Though the Carthaginians came along around the beginning of the 1st millennium and co-opted much of that trade, along with the Greeks in the Mediterranean, with 'better ships', they still would have influenced the seafaring peoples who built the 'high sided sailing vessels' along the Atlantic Seaboard. So it is not such a stretch to specify a good strong sailing ship for Iberians that can be used as either a merchant trading vessel or a quasi-war fighting transport of units.
units/iber_support_female_citizen.xml:9: Iberian women were privileged members of society, equal in rank to men and superior in some areas. For instance a woman would inherit her father's wealth and then distribute it among male family members, in addition to finding wives for her brothers. Manual labor was a common activity, including farming and ditch digging, for which women received pay. Marriage and other commitments to individuals were fervently embraced by both genders. Iberian women were also capable of slaying their own children to prevent them from being captured.
units/iber_support_healer_b.xml:9: To the best of our knowledge, only one 'temple'-like structure has been found on the Iberian Peninsula dating from the times and the Iberians worshipped their pantheon of gods at small home altars; however, a very special sculptured head and torso was found in a farmer's field around the turn of the 20th century of a personage who was obviously someone of great substance. As the two principal gods, of the many worshipped, were male Endovellikos and female Ataekina, we thought it would be nice to adopt The Lady of Elche as our priestess-healer representing Ataekina. We know from archaeology and the Romans that Ataekina was associated with spring, the changing of seasons, and nature in general. Ataekina also seems to have been associated with the cycle of birth-death-rebirth.
units/iber_support_trader.xml:7: Iberian merchants traded among themselves and had access to larger markets through Carthaginian ports such a Cartegena. Using wagons and carts, the traders also plied wares to Carthaginians, Greeks, and Romans who came to the Iberian Peninsula. Oil, wine, slaves, wool, and wheat were all exported by the Iberians, but most prized of all were its fine horses and remarkably pure iron, which made the finest swords of the ancient world.
units/mace_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:16: Thracian cavalry skirmishers were recruited from the Odrysian tribe of central Thrace.
units/mace_cavalry_spearman_b.xml:9: The best cavalry in Greece, besides the Macedonian hetairoi. Thessalians led an agrarian life and raised horses in the large pasture lands of Thessaly. They were widely regarded as the best cavalry in all of Hellas due to the speed and tenacity of their horses. They were used effectively in the Macedonian armies as light cavalry and held the important left flank of the battle line, staving off enemy advances long enough for the heavy cavalry on the right flank to make the killer blow.
units/mace_champion_cavalry.xml:8: The Hetairoi, or Companion cavalry, were a preferred general stand in Macedonian armies. Macedonian noblemen made up this elite cavalry unit, which was key to victory for Macedonian kings starting with Philip II, who increased their number from 600 to several thousand.
units/mace_champion_infantry_a.xml:8: The Hypaspistai, or "shield bearers", were the flower of the Macedonian infantry. They were the most battle hardened veterans within the army and followed Philip II and Alexander the Great into over a dozen full scale engagements. These heavily armed and opulently armored units acted as an intermediary between the phalanx and the cavalry arm, many times charging headlong with Alexander into a breech in the enemy lines. Sometimes they fought as slow pikemen, like the Pezhetairoi with 6 meter "sarissas", and other times they fought as Hoplites with large aspides and 2.5 meter-long spears, or "dorata". In later times they became known as the Argyraspidai, or "Silver Shields" when Alexander bestowed upon them armor and shields plated in pure silver, and played a decisive role in the early Diadochoi Wars of Alexander's "Successors."
units/mace_hero_alexander.xml:23: The most powerful hero of them all - son of Philip II, king of Macedonia (336 BC - 323 BC). After conquering the rest of the Thracians and quelling the unrest of the Greeks, Alexander embarked on a world-conquest march. Defeating the Persian forces at Granicus (334 BC), Issus (333 BC) and Gaugamela (331 BC), he became master of the Persian Empire. Entering India, he defeated king Porus at Hydaspes (326 BC), but his weary troops made him halt. Died in Babylon at the age of 33 while planning a campaign against Arabia.
units/mace_hero_craterus.xml:11: Trusted general under Alexander the Great.
units/mace_hero_demetrius.xml:11: One of the Diadochi, king of Macedonia (294 BC - 288 BC), Demetrius was renowned as one of the bravest and most able successors of Alexander. As the son of Antigonus I Monophtalmus, he fought and won many important battles early on and was proclaimed king, along with his father, in 306 BC. Losing his Asian possessions after the battle of Ipsus, he later won the Macedonian throne. Fearing lest they should be overpowered by Demetrius, the other Diadochi united against him and defeated him.
units/mace_hero_philip.xml:11: The king of Macedonia (359 BC - 336 BC), he carried out vast monetary and military reforms in order to make his kingdom the most powerful force in the Greek world. Greatly enlarged the size of Macedonia by conquering much of Thrace and subduing the Greeks. Murdered in Aegae while planning a campaign against Persia.
units/mace_hero_philip_pike.xml:11: The king of Macedonia (359 BC - 336 BC), he carried out vast monetary and military reforms in order to make his kingdom the most powerful force in the Greek world. Greatly enlarged the size of Macedonia by conquering much of Thrace and subduing the Greeks. Murdered in Aegae while planning a campaign against Persia.
units/mace_hero_pyrrhus.xml:11: Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (Ancient Greek: Πύρρος, Pyrrhos; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greek general and statesman of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from c. 297 BC), and later he became king of Epirus (r. 306–302, 297–272 BC) and Macedon (r. 288–284, 273–272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term Pyrrhic victory was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's 'Parallel Lives'. He died in 272 BC, while leading an attack on the Greek city of Argos.
units/mace_infantry_archer_b.xml:23: Mercenary archers from the big island of Crete. They were widely regarded as the best archers in all of Hellas and had a long tradition of hiring themselves out to Hellenic states such as Athens for use aboard Triremes naval vessels. Alexander hired them to accompany him on his world conquest march and while in his service they dueled admirably with the greatly feared eastern archers.
units/mace_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:16: Peltasts were javelinists originating in Thrace but their form of combat was widely copied by the Hellenes, Macedonians, and Persians. Equipped with a small oval or crescent shield, a peltast would charge at enemy formations whilst hurling his javelins then fall back to avoid close combat. They wore no armor and were at a significant disadvantage against heavy infantry and cavalry, relying on their speed and skill for survival. Agrianians are a Thracian tribe who sold their services to the Macedonians as mercenaries and added a much needed ranged and skirmishing ability to Macedonian armies.
units/mace_infantry_pikeman_b.xml:16: 'Foot Companions', these were the elite troops from the Macedonian phalanx, whom carried their Sarissas with both hands, the white shields being attached to their armor. The Sarissa and the new tactics they used were developed by Philip II under Theban influence. If properly protected by cavalry on both sides, the Pezhetairoi were virtually invincible to any kind of enemy unit. They were always deployed in deep formations of 16+.
units/mace_infantry_slinger_b.xml:23: The slingers from the island of Rhodes were the best slingers in and around the Aegean world, learning their craft from a young age. A lead Rhodian bullet had enough force to pierce armor and kill a man. They were hired by Macedon and the Hellenistic states (and Hellenic states before them) as mercenaries to augment the skirmishing capacity of their armies. In this, the Rhodian Sphendonêtês excelled brilliantly.
units/mace_mechanical_siege_tower.xml:6: When Demetrius Poliorcetes besieged Salamis, in Cyprus, he instructed that a machine be constructed, which he called "the taker of cities." Its form was that of a square tower, each side 90 cubits high and 45 wide. It rested on four wheels, each eight cubits high. It was divided into nine stories, the lower of which contained machines for throwing great stones, the middle large catapults for throwing spears, and the highest, other machines for throwing smaller stones, together with smaller catapults. It was manned with 200 soldiers, besides those that moved it by pushing the parallel beams at the bottom.
units/mace_ship_bireme.xml:6: Hemiolos meant "one and a half" refering to the banks of oars on either side of the ship, a full bank of oars on the top with a half-bank of oars along the bottom amidships. They were adopted by the Macedonians from pirates and used as support ships for larger warships in the fleet.
units/mace_ship_trireme.xml:7: The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory.
units/mace_support_female_citizen.xml:7: Macedonian women were mothers, first and foremost. They had few rights and a low station. Lower class women labored the land and, only when necessary, tended the family shop. Middle and upper class women were relegated almost exclusively to home life. Be that as it may, they were masters of the home and servants, their husbands often deferred to their wives in domestic matters. Some Macedonian women did wield uncommon influence in politics, the most famous being Olympias, mother of Alexander.
units/mace_support_healer_b.xml:8: The Macedonians worshiped the Olympic Pantheon. The priests of the various sects were renown for "curing" various ailments. When this propensity for "faith healing" collided with the intellectualism of some of the more liberal city-states, medicine was born.
units/mace_support_trader.xml:11: Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia.
units/maur_champion_elephant.xml:8: Painted Indian war elephant with driver and bow rider. Has some armor on its chest and forehead, and swords on its tusks.
units/merc_black_cloak.xml:15: Thracian tribesmen who wield the fiercesome rhomphaia polearm weapon in combat. They were ubiquitous mercenary swordsmen throughout Hellenistic times, sometimes even serving in two opposing armies.
units/merc_thorakites.xml:23: Thōrakitai were soldiers similar to Thyreophóroi. The literal translation of the term is curassiers, which suggests that they may have worn a short Celtic mail shirt or possibly a thorax. Thorakitai were used in armies of the Hellenistic Period in a variety of tactical situations. They were a type of armored but mobile infantry who did not require a rigid formation to be effective in combat. From their name we can deduce that most wore armor and helmet. They bore a thureos (or thyreos), an oblong shield, and were armed with sword, javelins and spear, which were used according to their tactical use. It seems that the thorakitai were heavily armored thureophoroi, able to bear spears and do battle in a phalanx as well as irregularly attack the enemy in situations when such an action was required for tactical reasons, like to exploit or challenge rough terrain. Thorakitai are mentioned in the army of the Achaian League and in the army of the Seleucids. The Seleucid Thorakitai were used in the storming of the Elburz Range in 210 BC under Antiochus III. They were used with the lighter troops to climb the cliffs and fight hand to hand with the enemy who might have not been dislodged by the lighter troops in the assault. There is a tomb illustration from Sidon showing what could well be a thorakites. The fragmentary inscription indicates that he was an Anatolian.
units/merc_thureophoros.xml:14: Thyreophóroi were a type of infantry soldier, common in the 3rd to 1st century BCE, who carried a large oval shield called a thureos which had a type of metal strip boss and a central spine. They were armed with a long thrusting spear, javelins and a sword. They also usually wore an iron or bronze Macedonian helmet. The thureos was probably originally an adapted form of a Celtic shield. Thracian and Illyrian infantry probably adopted the shield before the Greeks. However it has been suggested that the thureos was brought to Greece after Pyrrhus of Epirus' campaigns in Italy, as his Oscan allies and Roman enemies used the scutum. Thureophoroi were a 3rd century development on the Peltast and wore no body armor, but did wear sturdy leather boots for quick movement. Thureophoroi could skirmish, as well as fight in a phalanx when necessary. They were often stationed on the flanks of the traditional pike phalanx as a link between the heavier pikemen and the cavalry wings.
units/noldor_ship_bireme.xml:10: Elven light warship ship.
units/pers_arstibara.xml:15: The Arštibara, or "Apple Bearers", are the elite palace guardsmen stationed at the great imperial cities of Susa and Persepolis. They are drawn from the ranks of the Immortals regiment and despite their elaborate dress are supreme warriors.
units/pers_cavalry_archer_b.xml:13: Chariots were obsolete by the 5th and 4th centuries BC, but they were viewed as symbols of rank and class, hence their continued deployment on the battlefield in extremely limited roles well after their obsolescence. The crew was made up of an archer and a driver who rode in an armored car equipped with scythe-like blades underneath the chassis and the axels themselves sported a pair of the deadly knives.
units/pers_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:8: Just as the archers were the rock of the Persian infantry, the Persian cavalry was formed around the light cavalryman, or Asabari. Armed with javelins for long-ranged combat or close-quarter fighting, Asabari were also equipped with swords and axes. Since they were recruited from the upper classes many wore armor and helmets and their horses could also be fitted with light armor.
units/pers_cavalry_javelinist_b_trireme.xml:11: Just as the archers were the rock of the Persian infantry, the Persian cavalry was formed around the light cavalryman, or Asabari. Armed with javelins for long-ranged combat or close-quarter fighting, Asabari were also equipped with swords and axes. Since they were recruited from the upper classes many wore armor and helmets and their horses could also be fitted with light armor.
units/pers_cavalry_spearman_b.xml:8: Heavily armed lancers later known as cataphracts were first developed by the Sarmatians from Central Asia. The Persians picked up the technique from other eastern peoples like the Massagetae and the Bactrians. Featuring a heavily armored rider armed with a long lance and even an armored horse, the Cataphracts were the first cavalry to physically crash into their opponents, a considerable feat when one knows that they rode without stirrups.
units/pers_cavalry_swordsman_b.xml:8: The Hyrcanians were the light cavalry of the Achaemenid Great Kings. These men were of superb quality, and are mentioned in every major Persian campaign. Their homeland of Hyrcania bordering the Caspian Sea was both a lush fertile rain forest and foreboding mountain country.
units/pers_cavalry_swordsman_b_trireme.xml:11: The Hyrcanians were the light cavalry of the Achaemenid Great Kings. These men were of superb quality, and are mentioned in every major Persian campaign. Their homeland of Hyrcania bordering the Caspian Sea was both a lush fertile rain forest and foreboding mountain country.
units/pers_champion_cavalry.xml:8: Cataphracts were the crushing blow of the Persian cavalry. The development of the Persian cataphract is not well understood, as is the relationship between these men and future generations of cataphract cavalry. At best it seems the Persians adopted the catapharct from encounters with Iranian nomads like the Massagetes.
units/pers_champion_cavalry_archer.xml:8: Cataphracts were the crushing blow of the Persian cavalry. The development of the Persian cataphract is not well understood, as is the relationship between these men and future generations of cataphract cavalry. At best it seems the Persians adopted the catapharct from encounters with Iranian nomads like the Massagetes.
units/pers_champion_elephant.xml:8: Elephants were rare sights in Persian armies but they were used and their effect on the battlefield could not be ignored. As their tusks and feet physically attacked the enemy, archers and javelin throwers launched projectiles from atop the animal's back. While huge, they could be just as much a threat to their own side and could be easily hamstrung. But their ability to stop a full-blown cavalry charge when in a line made up for any questions of effectiveness.
units/pers_champion_infantry.xml:9: The Anusiya (or "Attendants") were the elite of the Persian army, handsomely equipped with armor and weapons, including swords which were rare weapons in the normal ranks. A unit of 10,000 men, their number was always kept to full strength whenever a man was killed or wounded, resulting in their nickname, "The Immortals". They were ferocious fighters and well respected.
units/pers_hero_cyrus.xml:11: (559 BC - 530 BC) The son of a Median princess and the ruler of Anshan; justly called the 'Father of the Empire', Cyrus the Great conquered Media, Lydia, Babylonia and Bactria, thereby establishing the Persian Empire. He was also renown as a benevolent conqueror. Technically the second ruler of the Persians by that name, and so appears as Kurush II on his documents and coins. Kurush I was his grandfather.
units/pers_hero_darius.xml:16: (King, 521 BC - 486 BC) The son of Vishtaspa (Hystaspes), the satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania; a great administrator as well as a decent general, Darius introduced the division of the empire into satrapies and conquered NW India, Thrace and Macedonia. He was called the 'Merchant of the Empire'.
units/pers_hero_xerxes.xml:11: (King, 485 BC - 465 BC) The son of Darius the Great and Atoosa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great, Xerxes was an able administrator, who also extended Imperial rule into Chorasmia. Apart from his failed invasion of Greece, he was famous for his extensive building program, especially at Persepolis.
units/pers_hero_xerxes_chariot.xml:16: (King, 485 BC - 465 BC) The son of Darius the Great and Atoosa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great, Xerxes was an able administrator, who also extended Imperial rule into Chorasmia. Apart from his failed invasion of Greece, he was famous for his extensive building program, especially at Persepolis.
units/pers_infantry_archer_b.xml:18: Archers were the core of the Persian infantry, often going into battle with spearmen equipped with spara, whom they heavily outnumbered. Although powerful, the Persian recurved bow was cursed with light arrows that had trouble piercing the armor of heavily armed opponents. But the huge numbers loosed in each volley were more than enough to alarm even the most armored enemy.
units/pers_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:17: Sparda was the name given to the Achaemenid satrapy in western Asia Minor that replaced the Kingdom of Lydia after the conquests of Cyrus. The peoples of Phrygia, Mysia, Paphlagonia, and Pisidia supplied the empire with much of its skirmish force during this period. Takabara was a blanket term used to describe the Achaemenid auxiliries and derived originally from the Iranian crescent shield. Javelin throwers were an important arm of the Persian infantry, giving added close range punch to the archers and able to close with the enemy if necessary.
units/pers_infantry_spearman_b.xml:18: Median and Persian shieldbearers comprised the main infantry regiment of the Persians during this period, especially in the reign of Xerxes. First under the Medes and later the Achaemenid Persians these soldiers were the bread and butter infantry for hand-to-hand engagement. Within the Satabam, the basic tactical unit of the Achamenid army, the shieldbearers formed the first two ranks, protecting the arhcers and also serving as a way to keep the enemy pinned down until the cavalry could act. While well known for tenacity the shieldbearers were not equipped to last long in an extended melee with heavy infantry, like hoplites.
units/pers_kardakes_hoplite.xml:14: The Kardakes were the Persian answer to the Greek hoplite. They were fielded in large numbers by Darius III in a bid to resist Alexander the Great's invasion.
units/pers_kardakes_skirmisher.xml:14: The Kardakes were the Persian answer to the Greek hoplite. They were fielded in large numbers by Darius III in a bid to resist Alexander the Great's invasion.
units/pers_mechanical_siege_ram.xml:19: Even after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Assyrians themselves remained active in events. Under the Achaemenids they served in their own national regiments together with the Chaldeans. Naturally, they continued to employ the siege skills that made Assyria so famous in Persian service.
units/pers_ship_bireme.xml:11: Cypriot galleys comprised a substantial part of Xerxes' navy which invaded Greece in 480 BC. While generally considered inferior to the ships of the Phoenicians, these were still very good.
units/pers_ship_fishing.xml:6: Not much is known about Persian fishing. We do known fishing was important in Egypt as well as in the Iranian provinces bordering the Persian Gulf and in India.
units/pers_ship_merchant.xml:11: Phoenician merchant ship used by the persians for trading over sea.
units/pers_ship_trireme.xml:11: The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Persian Empire. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory.
units/pers_support_female_citizen.xml:7: Persian women were fairly powerful during the reign of the Achaemenids, having substantial control over their future. A husband was not able to pawn his wife off to cover debts, nor was did he have control of her possessions. Persian women owned property and were quite active in their management of it, which could include female-induced divorce. Veiling had a long tradition in ancient Persia although it was only a sign of modesty and wealth among well-to-do women with none of the modern implications.
units/pers_support_healer_b.xml:8: Under both the Medes and later the Persian the tribe of the Magi or the Magians were the masters of religious and oral tradition, comparable to the Levites of the Bible. They were connected to Zoroastrianism, but likely tended to other Iranian cults as well. Aside from religious duties the Magians also functioned as the Great King's bureaucrats and kept his administration running.
units/pers_support_trader.xml:11: Merchants were the working corps of the Persian economy, moving goods from one end of the vast empire to the other. Commodities included linen, carpets, perfume, cotton, salt, fruit, and even pearls. Thanks to the Aramaeans, the main language of Mesopotamia and in all directions from it was Aramaic, making trade simple. The language was eventually taken on as the official language of the Empire.
units/ptol_champion_elephant.xml:8: The North African elephant was trained for war and used by the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. Writing in the 2nd century BC, Polybius (The Histories; 5.83) described their inferiority in battle against the larger Indian elephants used by the Seleucid kings. A surviving Ptolemaic inscription enumerates three types of war elephant, the "Troglodytic" (probably Libyan), the "Ethiopian", and the "Indian" (Asian). The Ptolemaic king prides himself with being the first to tame the Ethiopian elephants, a stock which could be identical to one of the two extant African species. (source: Wikipedia)
units/ptol_champion_infantry_pikeman.xml:8: Unlike their rivals the Seleucids, the Ptolemies maintained a relatively small force of full-time soldiers to act as a Royal Guard around the sovereign. These were drawn from the Macedonian and Greek kleruchs, settled in Egypt by the first Ptolemy. This consisted of a lance-armed (xystophoroi) cavalry Royal Guard (possibly Hetairoi) 700 strong; and an infantry Royal Guard (Basilikon Agema) 3,000 strong. The infantry guard were phalangites, though a 1,000 man unit within the Agema may have been able to fight as more traditional hypaspists or as thorakitai (spear or spear-and-javelin armed, fast moving heavy infantry).
units/ptol_hero_cleopatra.xml:13: Cleopatra VII is one of the most discussed women in history. She came to the throne of Egypt at the age of 18 and ruled with guile and cunning. Fully Greek in heritage, she nevertheless engendered great support from the Egyptian people by being the first Ptolemaic Pharaoh to learn the Egyptian language. Her patron goddess was the Egyptian goddess Isis, even though by this time the Macedonians had imported much of their pantheon of Olympian gods. Cleopatra met Julius Caesar in 48 BCE, when he arrived to conquer Egypt for Rome. She succeeded in changing his mind. She bore him a son the next year and travelled to Rome as Caesar's bride, but when Julius was assassinated she fled back to Egypt. Later, on his way to attack Parthia, Marcus Antony, trusted general of the late Caesar, stopped in Egypt. There he met Cleopatra and fell immediately in love. Cleopatra bore him 4 children. Together, they fought Octavian Caesar (who would go on to become Augustus Caesar, first emperor of Rome) in a Roman civil war. After the disastrous naval battle of Actium (31 BCE) off the coast of Greece, they fled back to Egypt, hotly pursued by Octavian. The next year, surrounded by Octavian's forces with no hope of regaining power, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra, the last of the Egyptian Pharaohs and the last of Alexander's Successors, followed Antony in death, committing suicide by Asp, a deadly snake.
units/ptol_hero_ptolemy_I.xml:11: Born in 367 BCE, Ptolemy I grew to become one of Alexander the Great's closest friends and generals. He was instrumental in Alexander's later campaigns in Bactria (modern Afghanistan) and India. After Alexander's death, Ptolemy took control of the Satrap of Egypt, and after the Battle of Ipsus became sole ruler of Egypt as "Pharaoh," founding the Ptolemy Dynasty that would rule Egypt for nearly 3 centuries. Ptolemaic Egypt reached the height of its territorial boundaries under his reign as he added Syria, Judea, Cyprus, and parts of Asia Minor to his realm. His reputation for bonhomie and liberality attached the floating soldier-class of Macedonians and Hellenes to his service, and was not insignificant; nor did he wholly neglect conciliation of the native Egyptians. He was a ready patron of letters, founding the Great Library of Alexandria. He himself wrote a history of Alexander's campaigns that has not survived. This used to be considered an objective work, distinguished by its straightforward honesty and sobriety. However, Ptolemy may have exaggerated his own role, and had propagandist aims in writing his History. Although now lost, it was a principal source for the surviving account by Arrian of Nicomedia. Ptolemy died in 283 BCE, the last of the Diodachoi, leaving a well-ordered and stable kingdom to his progeny.
units/ptol_hero_ptolemy_IV.xml:11: Ptolemy IV Philopator's reign was inaugurated by the murder of his mother, and he was always under the dominion of favorites, male and female, who indulged his vices and conducted the government as they pleased. Self-interest led his ministers to make serious preparations to meet the attacks of Antiochus III the Great on Coele-Syria including Judea, and the great Egyptian victory of Raphia (217), where Ptolemy himself was present, secured the northern borders of the kingdom for the remainder of his reign. Ptolemy IV is said to have built a giant ship known as the tessarakonteres ("forty"), a huge type of galley. The forty of its name may refer to its number of banks of oars. The current theory is that Ptolemy's ship was an oversize catamaran galley, measuring 128 m 420 ft.
units/ptol_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:23: The thureophoroi (singular: thureophoros) was a type of infantry soldier, common in the 3rd to 1st century BCE, who carried a large oval shield called a thureos which had a type of metal strip boss and a central spine. They were armed with a long thrusting spear, javelins and a sword. They also usually wore an iron or bronze Macedonian helmet. The thureos was probably originally an adapted form of a Celtic shield. Thracian and Illyrian infantry probably adopted the shield before the Greeks. However it has been suggested that the thureos was brought to Greece after Pyrrhus of Epirus' campaigns in Italy, as his Oscan allies and Roman enemies used the scutum. Thureophoroi were a 3rd century development on the Peltast and wore no body armor, but did wear sturdy leather boots for quick movement. Thureophoroi could skirmish, as well as fight in a phalanx when necessary. They were often stationed on the flanks of the traditional pike phalanx as a flexible link between the heavier pikemen and the cavalry wings.
units/ptol_infantry_pikeman_b.xml:16: When pressed hard by the fellow successor states, the Ptolemies of Egypt began to arm and train the Egyptian people in "Macedonian fashion." These levies of indigenous Egyptians were crucial in turning back the Seleucid tide at the Battle of Raphia, cementing nationalist pride and threatening the rule of the Ptolemies over their own kingdom.
units/ptol_infantry_slinger_b.xml:16: Jews made up a large portion of several Egyptian cities. They were local subjects to the Ptolemaic crown and hated the Seleucids and Romans in equal measure.
units/ptol_infantry_spearman_merc_b.xml:23: The thureophoroi (singular: thureophoros) was a type of infantry soldier, common in the 3rd to 1st century BC, who carried a large oval shield called a thureos which had a type of metal strip boss and a central spine. They were armed with a long thrusting spear, javelins and a sword. They also usually wore an iron or bronze Macedonian helmet. The thureos was probably originally an adapted form of a Celtic shield. Thracian and Illyrian infantry probably adopted the shield before the Greeks. However it has been suggested that the thureos was brought to Greece after Pyrrhus of Epirus' campaigns in Italy, as his Oscan allies and Roman enemies used the scutum. Thureophoroi were a 3rd century development on the Peltast and wore no body armor, but did wear sturdy leather boots for quick movement. Thureophoroi could skirmish, as well as fight in a phalanx when necessary. They were often stationed on the flanks of the traditional pike phalanx as a flexible link between the heavier pikemen and the cavalry wings.
units/ptol_mechanical_siege_tower.xml:6: When Demetrius Poliorcetes besieged Salamis, in Cyprus, he instructed that a machine be constructed, which he called "the taker of cities." Its form was that of a square tower, each side 90 cubits high and 45 wide. It rested on four wheels, each eight cubits high. It was divided into nine stories, the lower of which contained machines for throwing great stones, the middle large catapults for throwing spears, and the highest, other machines for throwing smaller stones, together with smaller catapults. It was manned with 200 soldiers, besides those that moved it by pushing the parallel beams at the bottom.
units/ptol_ship_bireme.xml:7: The design of the bireme (or dieres in Greek) was modified from the penteconter, a ship that had only one set of oars on each side, the bireme having two sets of oars on each side.
units/ptol_ship_quinquereme.xml:6: "Octeres" means "eight rows (of oars)", but it has been shown that likely the arrangement was something like three rows of oars, with three rowers on the top oars, three rowers on the middle oars, and two rowers on the bottom oars. The Octeres was the natural extension of the development of larger and larger warships throughout the Hellenistic Age. The Octeres was a slow-moving ship and unable to turn very swiftly, but because of its large mass and consequentially massive amount of momentum its ram could split enemy warships in two, making it a valuable asset to the Ptolemaic fleet.
units/ptol_ship_trireme.xml:6: The Penteres is the Greek version of the Quinquereme, "pente" being the Greek word for five and "eres" the word for rows of oars. But in this case, experimental historians have surmised that the "five" actually means five rowers for each vertical section of oars, in most cases being only two "remes" or rows of oars with three rowers on the top oars and two rowers on the bottom oars. Such an arrangement allowed oars to reach unprecedented length, which added power to each stroke of the oar. The Penteres was designed by the Syracusans in Sicily and quickly showed itself to be superior to the Trieres (Trireme) of old, both in power of its ram and its ability to garrison more marines for boarding and raiding activities. The Penteres was adopted as the "ship of the line" by the Successor kingdoms and was the workhorse of any self-respecting Greek navy for nearly three hundred years and could mount bolt-shooters and catapults upon its deck.
units/ptol_support_female_citizen.xml:7: Egyptian women of ancient times had legal and economic rights in parity with Egyptian men. They could own slaves and property and when wed to their husband they did not automatically become his property as was the case in many other ancient and modern cultures. It is interesting to note that when the Greco-Macedonians conquered Egypt in the 4th century B.C., Egyptian women continued to retain their liberal economic and legal rights while Greek women who also lived in Egypt were subject to the rule of traditional Greek law.
units/ptol_support_trader.xml:10: Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia.
units/rome_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:9: Rome's Italian allies frequently supplied Rome's armies with light cavalry, an arm in which Rome was often deficient. After the Social War concluded, all Italy became Roman citizens and thus could enroll into Roman army units. Upon the Marian Reforms, the role of the Italian allied cavalry was given to auxiliary units of Thracians, Numidians, Gauls and Germans.
units/rome_cavalry_spearman_b.xml:10: Equites were the elite of Roman society, the added wealth stemming from that position enabling them to obtain horses and therefore serve as cavalry. They were formed into units of 30, known as turmae, armored in chain mail and often wearing fashionable Hellenistic helmets. They used a spear for throwing or over arm stabbing as well as a shield and sword for close combat.
units/rome_centurio_imperial.xml:16: A Centurio, also known as an "hecatontarch" in Greek sources, was a professional officer of the Roman army after the Marian reforms of 107 BC. A Centurio, a title roughly analogous to a "colonel" or "captain" in modern armies, commanded a century (centuria) of 80 men, but senior Centurios could command whole cohorts or take senior staff roles in their legion. These men were harsh masters of war, serving their entire lives in service of Rome among the legions. With high armor and attack, these professionals are the bulwark of any Imperial Roman army.
units/rome_champion_cavalry.xml:10: The Equites Consulares were the best of the Roman cavalry that were picked out by the commanding Consul and served under him directly. They functioned about identical to later Praetorian cavalry, but were usually made up of the most local Italian allies. The Italic cavalry was of better quality and quantity then the citizen cavalry of the Republic, and were highly prized for service.
units/rome_champion_infantry.xml:10: The Extraordinarii were best of the infantry fielded by Rome's Italic allies (the socii) that were picked out by the commanding Consul and served under him directly. They were charged with function of vanguard, rearguard, and bodyguard. In battle the Extraordinarii were expected to act as a special unit, to give the Consul additional tactical options.
units/rome_hero_marcellus.xml:12: Marcus Claudius Marcellus, 268 - 208 BC, a soldier of the first war with Carthage, a hero of the Second Punic War, and victor over the Gauls at Clastidium. Plutarch describes him as a man of war, strong in body and constitution, with an iron will to fight on. As a general he was immensely capable, standing alongside Scipio Africanus and Claudius Nero as the most effective Roman generals of the entire Second Punic War. In addition to his military achievements Marcellus was a fan of Greek culture and arts, which he enthusiastically promoted in Rome. He met his demise when his men were ambushed near Venusia. In honor of the respect the people held for him, Marcellus was granted the title of "Sword of Rome".
units/rome_hero_maximus.xml:11: Maximus was dictator of Rome for six months during the Second Punic War. Instead of attacking the most powerful Hannibal, he started a very effective war of attrition against him, securing the nickname "Cunctator" or Delayer.
units/rome_hero_scipio.xml:11: He was the first really successful Roman general. His campaigns in Spain and Africa helped to bring Carthage to its knees during the Second Punic War. He defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC.
units/rome_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:19: The Velites (sing. Veles) were the light skirmish infantry of the Polybian legion. They were the younger men who could not afford hastatus equipment or boys too young to serve otherwise. They usually numbered 1200 men in squads of twenty assigned to the maniples of the Hastati, Principes, and Triarii. Their job was to harry the enemy lines before the heavy infantry engaged and to support the cavalry.
units/rome_infantry_spearman_b.xml:19: The Triarii were the third line of heavy infantry in the Republican Roman army. Made up of the veterans from previous campaigns, they often possessed the most fashionable arms and armor. Armed with a spear and gladius, the Triarii usually did not fight unless the battle was going poorly or enemy forces required the use of a spear to fend them off. In many cases the Triarii were left at the camp instead of marching out with the rest of the army.
units/rome_infantry_swordsman_b.xml:19: The hastati were the first line of heavy infantry in the early Republican Roman army. They used pila and gladii as their main weapons, throwing the former into the enemy formation and then closing with the sword. For defense they used a large shield called a scutum and wore the best armor they could afford. Hastati were recruited from the young men of Rome, a small part of the 700,000 troops Rome could bring to bear against its opponents.
units/rome_mechanical_siege_ram.xml:15: There are several famous sieges during the time of the Republic which required the use of extensive siege weaponry – Syracuse (212 BC), Carthage (148 – 146 BC) and Tigranocerta (68 BC) – they were all carried out successfully.
units/rome_ship_bireme.xml:6: By the time of the Second Punic War the Romans had adopted an improved bireme design created by the Liburnians of Illyria. Faster, lighter, and more agile then conventional warships, the Liburna (sing. Liburnus) would quickly become widespread throughout the Roman navy. They appear to have been used in support of Triremes.
units/rome_ship_fishing.xml:6: For the Romans fishing quickly became the plebs’ favorite pastime from the early days of the Roman Republic when fishing was still done on the Tiber. However towards the end of the Republic the fishing craze spread to the nobility, and hit its peak from the 2nd Century BC to the 4th Century AD. As both a livelihood and as a sport, fishing actually outpaced hunting.
units/rome_ship_merchant.xml:10: The Corbita was the most famous class of Roman merchant ships, known as Oneraria. They had a cargo capacity of 60-300 tons on average, with variants known to carry as much as 400 tons. These vessels traveled all over the Mediterranean, and could be found literally on every trade route.
units/rome_ship_trireme.xml:10: The Trireme was the most common warship of the Mediterranean – it was used by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians and Romans alike. The Romans were already using these vessels by the beginning of the Punic Wars, and underwent a number of modifications. These remain controversial, but it seems that Triremes remained the mainstay of the fleet for this era.
units/rome_support_female_citizen.xml:10: Roman women in the Republic were in a similar state as their Greek counterparts. When a Roman woman married their dowry and property passed to their father-in-law, while she herself became the property of her husband. Their job was to raise the children and helping in farm work or running the family business. It was a sign of affluence when a man's wife did not have to work.
units/rome_support_healer_b.xml:9: During the Republic, the position of priest was elevated and required a lot of responsibilities, which is why priests were by no means chosen randomly. The position of Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the Roman religion, was occupied by such prominent figures as Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Augustus.
units/rome_support_trader.xml:12: Plebeians were the poor class in Roman society, underneath the patricians, often carrying out much local trading and business. While patricians financed large business ventures plebian merchants did the actual work. They traded far and wide, from Iberia to Syria, buying and selling everything from salt to wool to horses to metals to glass to slaves. Rome's extensive network of roads within Italy, many ports, and central location within the Mediterranean made it an ideal place to do business.
units/samnite_skirmisher.xml:8: The Samnites were an aboriginal people of Southern and Central Italy. They were fierce warriors and frequently rebelled against Roman rule.
units/samnite_spearman.xml:7: The Samnites were an aboriginal people of Southern and Central Italy. They were fierce warriors and frequently rebelled against Roman rule.
units/samnite_swordsman.xml:7: The Samnites were an aboriginal people of Southern and Central Italy. They were fierce warriors and frequently rebelled against Roman rule.
units/sele_cavalry_archer_b.xml:9: The Dahae or Dahaeans were a confederacy of three Ancient Iranian tribes who lived in the region to the immediate east of the Caspian Sea. They spoke an Eastern Iranian language. Known as the Dāha to the Persians, they were a staple of many Persian armies until the fall of the Achaemenid Empire. Later they freely joined the armies of Alexander as he invaded India and the armies of the Seleucids in their many battles with the other Successor states. The Dahae of the Parni clan, under Arsaces, would later invade the land of Parthia, depose its ruler, and found a dynasty that would eventually grow into the famed Parthian Empire.
units/sele_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:9: Along with the citizen militia infantry there were also cavalry regiments of militia from the cities, known as Politikoi. The citizen cavalry was recruited from the richest citizens of the cities who did not hold the legal status of 'Macedonians'. Citizen cavalry of this sort are seen at the Daphne parade and, in this case, probably from Antioch and not collected from all the coastal cities. The Politikoi were probably not a unitary regiment of horse, but a collection of separate squadrons with each squadron having its own distinctive dress and equipment.
units/sele_cavalry_spearman_merc_b.xml:16: There were two guard cavalry regiments, each 1,000 strong. These were the Agema (the 'Guards') and the Hetairoi ('Companions'). The Hetairoi were recruited from the younger generation of military settlers and acted as the standing guard cavalry unit of the army, serving in peace and in war. However it seems that writers referred to them by several names other than just the 'companions'; the basilike ile ('royal squadron' or 'regia ala' according to Livy), and the hippos hetairike ('horse companions'). Their full title may well have been the 'royal ala of the companions'.
units/sele_champion_cavalry.xml:9: Cataphracts were the crushing blow of the Seleucid cavalry. The development of the Seleucid cataphract is not well understood, as is the relationship between these men and future generations of cataphract cavalry. At best it seems the Seleucids adopted the catapharct from encounters with Iranian nomads like the Massagetes, Scythian steppes tribes, or Bactrians in the East.
units/sele_champion_chariot.xml:13: Expensive "suicide" unit. Mostly used to rush into infantry and cavalry formations to slaughter a bunch of enemies with scythes ("Trample Damage" aura) before getting destroyed themselves.
units/sele_champion_elephant.xml:9: The Seleucids, having access to the East, specifically India after the war with the Mauryans, imported gigantic war elephants to augment their phalanxes. The beasts were armored and were used as giant battering rams to smash enemy infantry formations.
units/sele_champion_infantry_pikeman.xml:8: The 'Silver Shields' pike corps made up the infantry arm of the Royal Agema, or "guards." They were the élite infantry of the traditional Seleucid and Macedonian armies.
units/sele_champion_infantry_swordsman.xml:8: In 166 BC, at the Daphne Parade under Antiochus IV, the Argyraspides corps is only seen to be 5,000 strong. However 5,000 troops armed in the Roman fashion are present and they are described as being in the prime of their life, perhaps denoting their elite nature. It is possible that the missing 5,000 men of the Argyraspides were the 5,000 'Romanized' infantry marching alongside them. The training of a segment of the royal guard in 'Roman' methods was probably down to several factors. Firstly, Antiochus IV had spent part of his early life in Rome and had acquired rather an excessive admiration for Rome's power and methods. Secondly, the future wars that the Seleucids might be fighting would probably be in the Eastern satrapies against mobile enemies and other large areas of land. Training troops in this way would add to the overall efficiency and capability of the army and make it more maneuverable. Indeed, the 'Romanized' troops are seen facing the Maccabees at the Battle of Beth Zechariah in 162 BC. Thirdly, the defeat of the Macedonian Antigonids at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC was a great culture shock, showing the complete destruction of the Macedonian military system at the hands of the Roman legion. It has been suggested that the fact that these 5,000 men are marching at the head of the army was meant to show Antiochus IV's intention of reforming the entire Seleucid army along Roman lines, though whether or not this complete reform actually took place is unknown. The true extent of the adoption of Roman techniques is unknown, some have suggested that the infantry are in fact more likely to be Thureophoroi or Thorakitai, troops armed with an oval shield of the Celtic type, a thrusting spear and javelins.
units/sele_hero_antiochus_great.xml:11: Antiochus inherited a troubled kingdom upon the beginning of his reign. From the verge of collapse he managed to weld back together the empire Seleukus I so hard to found. The rebellious eastern satraps of Bactria and Parthia were brought to heel , temporarily securing his eastern borders. He then turned his attention to mother Greece, attempting to fulfill the dreams of his fathers by invading Greece under the pretext of "liberation". The Achaean League and the Kingdom of Pergamon banded together with the Romans to defeat him at the Battle of Magnesia, forever burying the dream of reuniting Alexander's empire.
units/sele_hero_antiochus_righteous.xml:11: Antiochus IV Epiphanes was a son of Antiochus III the Great and brother of Seleucus IV Philopator. Originally named Mithridates, he assumed the name Antiochus either upon his accession to the throne or after the death of his elder brother Antiochus. Notable events during his reign include the near-conquest of Egypt (twice), which was halted by the threat of Roman intervention, and the beginning of the Jewish revolt of the Maccabees. He died of sudden illness while fighting off a Parthian invasion from the East.
units/sele_hero_seleucus_victor.xml:11: "Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he [Seleucus] acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus." — Appian, "The Syrian Wars"
units/sele_infantry_archer_merc_b.xml:23: Syrian archers mix the archery traditions of Crete with those of the East. Large numbers of Cretan colonists and mercenaries were settled within the borders of the Seleucid Empire. In return for lands, the colonists pledged themselves and their offspring to serve in the armies of the Seleucid king when called by him.
units/sele_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:16: Arabic mercenaries were recruited in vast numbers by the Syrian kings. At the Battle of Raphia in 217 BC, the army of Antiochus III had within it a contingent of 10,000 Arab troops. These men acted as a screen for the Seleucid war elephants and were ferocious fighters, but were of dubious reliability and effectiveness.
units/sele_infantry_pikeman_b.xml:16: The Seleucid phalanx was composed of three corps or regiments of pikemen - the Bronze Shields who were the youngest, the Gold Shields, and the Silver Shields who were the veterans who took the place of honor on the right flank of the phalanx.
units/sele_infantry_spearman_b.xml:16: The cities at the heart of the Seleucid realm, Syria, fielded their own citizen militia infantry, usually armed as thureophoroi, or medium infantry. In 148 BC at the Battle of Azotos against the Jewish Maccabees, the Seleucid army was called the 'Power of the Cities', due to the high proportion of citizen militia mobilized from the coastal cities of Syria. The thureophoroi (singular: thureophoros) was a type of infantry soldier, common in the 3rd to 1st century BCE, who carried a large oval shield called a thureos which had a type of metal strip boss and a central spine. They were armed with a long thrusting spear, javelins and a sword. They also usually wore an iron or bronze Macedonian helmet. The thureos was probably originally an adapted form of a Celtic shield. Thracian and Illyrian infantry probably adopted the shield before the Greeks. However it has been suggested that the thureos was brought to Greece after Pyrrhus of Epirus' campaigns in Italy, as his Oscan allies and Roman enemies used the scutum. Thureophoroi were a 3rd century development on the Peltast and wore no body armor, but did wear sturdy leather boots for quick movement. Thureophoroi could skirmish, as well as fight in a phalanx when necessary. They were often stationed on the flanks of the traditional pike phalanx as a flexible link between the heavier pikemen and the cavalry wings.
units/sele_infantry_swordsman_merc_b.xml:24: Thracian tribesmen who wield the fearsome rhomphaia polearm weapon in combat. They were ubiquitous mercenary swordsmen and skirmishers throughout Hellenistic times, sometimes even serving in two opposing armies.
units/sele_mechanical_siege_tower.xml:6: When Demetrius Poliorcetes besieged Salamis, in Cyprus, he instructed that a machine be constructed, which he called "the taker of cities." Its form was that of a square tower, each side 90 cubits high and 45 wide. It rested on four wheels, each eight cubits high. It was divided into nine stories, the lower of which contained machines for throwing great stones, the middle large catapults for throwing spears, and the highest, other machines for throwing smaller stones, together with smaller catapults. It was manned with 200 soldiers, besides those that moved it by pushing the parallel beams at the bottom.
units/sele_ship_bireme.xml:7: The design of the bireme (or dieres in Greek) was modified from the penteconter, a ship that had only one set of oars on each side, the bireme having two sets of oars on each side.
units/sele_ship_quinquereme.xml:6: The Penteres is the Greek version of the Quinquereme, "pente" being the Greek word for five and "eres" the word for rows of oars. But in this case, experimental historians have surmised that the "five" actually means five rowers for each vertical section of oars, in most cases being only two "remes" or rows of oars with three rowers on the top oars and two rowers on the bottom oars. Such an arrangement allowed oars to reach unprecedented length, which added power to each stroke of the oar. The Penteres was designed by the Syracusans in Sicily and quickly showed itself to be superior to the Trieres (Trireme) of old, both in power of its ram and its ability to garrison more marines for boarding and raiding activities. The Penteres was adopted as the "ship of the line" by the Successor kingdoms and was the workhorse of any self-respecting Greek navy for nearly three hundred years and could mount bolt-shooters and catapults upon its deck.
units/sele_ship_trireme.xml:7: The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme, the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more maneuverable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory.
units/sele_support_healer_b.xml:8: The Seleucids worshiped the Olympic Pantheon mixed with local Eastern gods and cults. The priests of the various sects were renown for "curing" various ailments.
units/sele_support_trader.xml:11: Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia.
units/spart_cavalry_javelinist_b.xml:9: Spartan scout cavalry, supplied by the Perioikoi, or middle-class of Spartan society. Good for hunting and harassing the enemy. The best such cavalry in Greece come from the pastoral territories of Thessaly. Spartan cavalry, though, was no to good.
units/spart_cavalry_spearman_b.xml:9: Sparta was not known for it's cavalry. In fact, to augment her weak Perioikoi cavalry, Sparta recruited cavalry from subject and allied Greek states. Cavalry were usually made up of the upper class since they were the only ones who could afford the breeding and caring for horses. Initially they were missile troops who avoided close combat, throwing javelins and thrusting spears at enemy troops. As with all ancient horsemen Greek cavalry did not have stirrups or a saddle.
units/spart_champion_infantry_pike.xml:8: The 3rd Century BC saw the brief rise of a resurgent Sparta. Eager to regain past glory, the Spartan kings Agis and Cleomenes briefly resurrected the ancient Spartan laws and nearly reconquered the Peloponnese. If not for the intervention of the Macedonians in both insurrections Sparta would have reigned victorious. This soldier here is a Spartan armed in the 'Macedonian fashion' with a small round pelta shield and the long Macedonian pike, or "Sarissa" for use in the Syntagma phalanx formation.
units/spart_champion_infantry_spear.xml:8: The Spartans had a very peculiar form of government which enabled them to be professional soldiers. It not only enabled them, but actually forced them to be superior soldiers as a small group of Spartans had to dominate an enormous number of subjects and unwilling allies. The Spartan army was superior in Hellas, and in the rest of the known world. No other army was so well trained, and had such excellent equipment. They believed that traditional training was the key to success, and for centuries they were correct, as they rarely lost a battle in spite of their small numbers. Ironic enough, this concept ended the Spartan supremacy, as the Spartan phalanx could not resist the new sloped Theban phalanx and the invading integrated Macedonian forces. The end of the Spartan power marked the decline of the domination of traditional phalanx warfare.
units/spart_champion_infantry_sword.xml:24: Skiritae were some of the most reliable allied soldiers serving in the Spartan military. They always had the honor of remaining on the left flank of a Spartan phalanx and (Thucydides 5.67) were deployed to face the any problem which could come to bear the army. (Xenophon 4.2.1-4)
units/spart_hero_agis.xml:11: Agis III was the 20th Spartan king of the Eurypontid lineage. Agis cobbled together an alliance of Southern Greek states to fight off Macedonian hegemony while Alexander the Great was away in Asia on his conquest march. After securing Crete as a Spartan tributary, Agis then moved to besiege the city of Megalopolis in the Peloponnese, who was an ally of Macedon. Antipater, the Macedonian regent, lead an army to stop this new uprising. In the Battle of Megalopolis, the Macedonians prevailed in a long and bloody battle. Much like Leonidas 150 years earlier, instead of surrendering, Agis made a heroic final stand in order to buy time for his troops to retreat.
units/spart_hero_brasidas.xml:11: Because Brasidas has sponsored their citizenship in return for service, Helot Skirmishers fight longer and harder for Sparta while within range of him.
units/spart_hero_leonidas.xml:11: The king of Sparta, who fought and died at the battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. He successfully blocked the way of the huge Persian army through the narrow passage with his 7000 men, until Xerxes was made aware of a secret unobstructed path. Finding the enemy at his rear, Leonidas sent home most of his troops, choosing to stay behind with 300 hand-picked hoplites and win time for the others to withdraw.
units/spart_infantry_javelinist_b.xml:17: Helots were the subject class of Spartan society and toiled tirelessly for their full-blooded Spartan masters. In times of need, Helots were pressed into service to serve as squires and battlefield skirmishers if necessary. The loyalty and performance of these troops was often suspect, but good performance on the battlefield sometimes meant freedom could be earned for the Helot warrior and his family.
units/spart_infantry_spearman_b.xml:17: The basic unit of the Spartan army made up of middle-class men ("Perioikoi"). The Hoplite formed the core of any Greek army with the unique Phalanx formation ready to hold all potential attacks.
units/spart_mechanical_siege_ram.xml:10: Spartans were not known for their siege craft, but they did know how to build rudimentary siege weapons like battering rams and use basic siege techniques. The siege of Plataea during the Peloponnesian War lasted 2 years.
units/spart_ship_bireme.xml:6: Pentekonters were employed from 800 BC, mostly as a light support unit in the Greek navy. After 600 BC, they were only seen in battle in very limited numbers. They were still in use by small states which could not afford a sufficient number of triremes for their navy.
units/spart_ship_trireme.xml:7: The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory.
units/spart_support_female_citizen.xml:23: Spartan women were some of the freest in the ancient world. They could own land and slaves and even exercise naked like Spartan men. It is said that only Spartan women gave birth to real men. Such tough as nails women more than once helped save their city from disaster, for example when after a lost battle against Pyrrhus of Epirus they overnight built an earthen rampart to protect the city while their men slept in preparation for the next day's siege.
units/spart_support_healer_b.xml:8: The art of medicine was widely practised in Classical Greece. Hippocrates was the first physician to separate religion and superstition from actual medicine, and many others followed his lead.
units/spart_support_trader.xml:10: Traders were private merchants who traveled from place to place buying and selling goods. Italy, Carthage, Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Phoenicia, and Asia Minor were all major ports of call for Hellenistic merchants. There they bought everything from grain and dates to rugs, pottery, spices, gems, and wool, even elephants from India and slaves from Scythia.
units/thebes_sacred_band_hoplitai.xml:8: The Sacred Band of Thebes was a troop of picked soldiers, consisting of 150 pederastic male couples which formed the elite force of the Theban army in the 4th century BC. It is said to have been organised by the Theban commander Gorgidas in 378 BC and to have played a crucial role in the Battle of Leuctra.
units/thespian_melanochitones.xml:8: The Thespians were among the 700 or so soldiers to stay behind and hold the pass at Thermopylae to delay the Persians long enough for the rest of the Greek army to withdraw. This heroic deed made the Thespians "friends forever" to the Spartans.
units/viking_longboat.xml:6: The first Triremes were built circa 650BC, and by 500BC the Trireme was the most widely used heavy warship of the Greek city-states. In the Trireme the outriggers were now an integral part of the ship's hull. The Trireme also had a partial or full fighting deck above the rowers. The length of the Trireme remained approximately 35-38 meters, and the beam was approximately 3.5 metres. A Trireme carried 170 oarsmen, plus twenty sailors and fourteen marines in Greek navies. The top speed of a Trireme was approximately 11.5 knots. Some Triremes may have been able to reach higher speeds in short bursts. A Trireme travelling from Athens to Mitylene in 427BC made the 350 kilometre trip in only 24 hours, averaging eight knots (14.6 km/h). The Trireme could accelerate much faster than a Bireme or Penteconter, and was much more manoeuvrable. This gave the Trireme an advantage in combat, where higher speed and manoeuvrability meant a better chance of victory.